比较两种表面活性剂淋洗去除土壤中的重金属

以停车场和湿地2种土壤为研究对象,分别使用表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和月桂基醚硫酸钠对土壤样品进行淋洗,考察2种表面活性剂对这2种土壤中重金属的去除能力差异及形态分布的影响,并分析淋洗后残留在土壤中表面活性剂的生物毒性。结果表明,2种表面活性剂均可在一定程度上去除2种土壤中的Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn。与湿地土壤相比,2种表面活性剂对停车场土壤中重金属的去除率均较高,且月桂基醚硫酸钠的去除能力优于鼠李糖脂。2种表面活性剂对可交换态重金属的去除效果最好,对残渣态重金属去除率较低。淋洗后2种土样中残留的鼠李糖脂及停车场土样中残留的月桂基醚硫酸钠的生物毒性低,湿地土壤中残留的月桂基醚硫酸钠具有一定生物毒性。     

施粪肥土壤中抗生素的提取条件优化及残留特征

为确立高效的土壤抗生素提取条件,揭示施用粪肥土壤中抗生素的残留水平,分别采集江苏省常州市某养猪场新鲜猪粪样品6份、施用粪肥及无机肥水稻土壤样品各13份,对土壤抗生素提取液配比与超声提取时间进行筛选,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）对生猪粪便和土壤中的四大类（四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类和大环内脂类）15种抗生素含量进行检测分析。结果表明,最优提取条件选择为：提取液配比为甲醇：EDTA=1：1,超声提取时间为10 min,四环素类抗生素的加标回收率为73.2%~93.4%,磺胺类为81.2%~101.1%,喹诺酮类为106.3%~110.8%。该养猪场猪粪与施粪肥土壤中均未检测到大环内脂类抗生素,其余各类抗生素平均残留量从高到低排序分别为：猪粪中四环素类 > 磺胺类 > 喹诺酮类;施粪肥土壤中四环素类 > 喹诺酮类 > 磺胺类,四环素类是最主要的抗生素污染物,残留量分别为猪粪中1.9~12.5 mg·kg-1、施粪肥土壤中23.9~212.4 μg·kg-1;施无机肥土壤中未检测出抗生素,施粪肥土壤中的抗生素来源于生猪粪便。     

小尺度农田土壤Pb、Zn和Cd空间分布及污染评价——以云南沘比江沿岸某农田为例

以沘江沿岸面积为96 000 m2的整片农田作为研究对象,采集144个表层土壤样本,利用ICP-MS测定土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,使用地统计学方法分析Pb、Zn和Cd的空间分布,采用污染负荷指数评价土壤Pb、Zn和Cd污染程度,并对污染来源进行解析。结果表明研究区域农田土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd含量均超过当地土壤背景值,出现了污染富积。根据国家土壤环境质量标准,Pb未超标,Zn超标率为98.6%,Cd超标率为100%。普通克里金空间插值分布图显示,Pb、Zn和Cd高含量区域均沿着省道227和靠近居民区分布,而临近沘江的区域Pb、Zn和Cd含量相对较低,其中Pb、Zn含量变化基本呈现由省道227向沘江方向递减规律。Pb、Zn和Cd之间具有较好的相关性,三者同源概率较大。对Pb、Zn和Cd的污染评价表明,研究区域农田土壤57.78%为中度污染,42.22%为重度污染。从污染负荷指数法（PLI）空间插值图可见,重度污染区域位于省道227沿线与居民区东侧区域,其余区域为中度污染。本研究结果说明,小尺度空间分析方法用于农田土壤污染状况的分析,能有效预测重金属空间分布情况,在土地紧缺的情况下,该方法能有效指导对农田的不同区域进行选择使用和精准管理。     

有机酸对成都平原镉污染土壤的淋洗效果

以成都平原某化工厂附近受Cd污染的2种土壤为对象,采用振荡淋洗技术,研究了有机酸在不同浓度、固液比、振荡时间和复合淋洗条件下对重金属Cd的去除效果。实验结果表明：柠檬酸和酒石酸对Cd含量为22.78 mg·kg-1的SLT-01土壤具有更好的去除效果,分别达到73%和62%,而乙酸和草酸的去除能力较低;随着固液比的降低,有机酸对Cd的去除率逐步提高;随着时间的增加,Cd的去除率波动增加;柠檬酸和酒石酸复合淋洗并没有提高Cd的去除率;振荡淋洗前后土壤结构未发生明显变化。综合考虑土壤中Cd的去除效果和成本,选择柠檬酸作为最佳淋洗剂;最佳实验条件：溶液浓度为0.10 mol·L-1,固液比为1∶20,淋洗时间为8 h。     

Organic residue decomposition: The minicontainer-system a multifunctional tool in decomposition studies

The Minicontainer-test, first described by Eisenbeis (1993), was designed to study the kinetics of organic residue decomposition at a microsite level. It is derived from the litterbag technique and consists of polyethylene minicontainers (volume about 1.5 cm³) filled with a test substrate (litter, straw, cellulose, etc.). The minicontainers (MCs) are closed at either end with plastic gauze discs of variable mesh size (e.g. 20 μm, 250 μm, 500 μm or 2 mm). A definite number of such units are inserted into PVC-bars, which can be implanted into the soil horizontally or vertically, or be exposed on the soil surface horizontally. The bars are very stable and can be exposed in different environments for months to years. If required, the bars can be removed temporarily and stored, e.g. during soil cultivation. Should fresh litter be used, two phases of decomposition can be distinguished: a fast initial phase, which can be mainly related to the effect of leaching, and a second slow phase depending mainly on the activity of soil organisms and litter quality. Several questions can be addressed to investigations using MCs, e.g. 1) parts of the soil fauna which are involved in decomposition (nematodes, microarthropods, and smaller specimens of the macrofauna, e.g. enchytraeidae, diplopods and dipteran larvae) can be extracted from the litter substrate using a miniscale high gradient extractor, 2) the organic mass loss of litter can be determined, 3) microbial biomass (C_mic, N_mic) can be assessed by fumigation extraction and 4) microbial activity (respiration) in the test substrate can also be assessed by use of standardised methods. Compared to litterbag studies, the larger number of small replicate units improves the statistical evaluation. Until today the Minicontainer-test has been applied in forestry and agriculture, e.g. studying the effects of liming, soil restoration and the application of insecticides, e.g. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) and Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki).     

Sustainable Agriculture: New Paradigms and Old Practices? Increased Production with Management of Organic Inputs in Senegal

Farmers in Sahelian countries are confronted with a variety of soil fertility and management problems. During the last two decades, NGOs have worked with farmers and research institutions to develop and test practices that will increase food production, while at the same time enhance the natural resource base.Since 1987, The Rodale Institute (RI) has worked closely with farmers' associations and government institutions to promote regenerative agriculture-farming systems that prioritize the use of local resources while improving them as they are used to grow food, using agro-ecological methods. The Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute has collaborated in this program as a partner of RI. The Senegal Regenerative Agriculture Resource Center model has been applied as a new and viable approach that builds on traditional knowledge and farmer-to-farmer exchange.Research results on soil conservation and improvement have shown that fields spread with amended animal manure or compost yield greater harvests than fields farmed with traditional methods.     

三峡库区水土流失特点及其环境危害防治措施探讨

水土流失是三峡库区主要环境问题之一,也是库区产生大量泥沙的根本因素,更是造成库区人民生活贫困的根源。本文就三峡库区水土流失的特点及其环境危害作了分析,提出了相应的防治措施,为水土流失防治工程提供科学依据。     

长江中游不同潜育化土壤诊断指标探讨

田间原位测定，室内分析和模拟试验的结果表明，长江中游垸田土壤潜育化过程中发生一系列物质变化，其中以活性还原物质量，Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３溶液提取的亚铁量和氧化还原电位三者变化最为显著。活性还原物质量和亚铁量与潜育化作用强度正相关，而氧化还原电位则呈负相关。     

铯污染土壤的淋洗修复及淋洗液的回收

核电站事故造成的土壤放射性核素污染会给环境和人群造成极大的健康风险.通过批量实验,研究了不同淋洗剂对铯(Cs)污染土壤的淋洗效果及蒙脱石对其淋洗液的回收效果.结果表明:硫酸铵对土壤中Cs的淋洗效果最佳,当淋洗时间为120min、液固比为20:1时、老化140 d 土壤中Cs的去除率最大为40.0％;在未添加硫酸铵时,蒙...     

基于碳数分段法的石油烃污染土壤异位热脱附工艺的优化

针对石油烃污染土壤成分复杂、污染严重、修复难度高的问题,采用适用性广、效率高且去除彻底的异位热脱附技术修复石油烃污染土壤。利用碳数分段法及室内模拟实验,探究在热脱附过程中的土壤粒径、含水率和有机质对石油烃及各组分热解吸效率的影响;另外,还采用响应面法对各影响因素进行了优化,以获得异位热脱附修复石油烃污染土壤的最优工艺参数。结果表明,当污染土壤粒径高于1 mm时,石油烃脱附效率均可达90%以上,且粒径越大土壤颗粒中石油烃去除率越高。其中,润滑油段(ORO, C28~C40)组分的脱附效率随粒径变化最为明显。当土壤含水率为15%、脱附时间为50 min时,石油烃脱附效率最大为52.63%。另外,土壤中有机质含量越低,越利于石油烃的脱除,且高温(400~500 ℃)条件下可基本消除土壤中高含量有机质(3.82%)对石油烃脱除的阻碍作用。响应面优化实验得到的最佳工艺参数条件为,粒径2 mm、有机质含量1.44%、含水率为17.68%,在此条件下的石油烃脱附去除效率可达65.32%。该研究结果可为热脱附技术在石油烃污染场地的实际应用提供参考。