长江经济带市域生态文明建设现状及发展潜力初探

生态文明建设是长江经济带下一阶段的工作重点之一。从生态文明和发展潜力的内涵出发,构建了耦合协调度模型和发展潜力模型,并对长江经济带生态文明建设情况进行分析。研究发现:(1)长江经济带东中西部生态文明特征差异明显,东部为经济、社会系统优势区,中部为相对协调区,西部为自然系统相对优势区;(2)当前长江经济带生态文明格局主要受经济因素的影响;(3)协调发展地区整体上表现出最佳的生态文明发展潜力,协调发展应成为长江经济带生态文明建设的重要途径。     

Fast determination of phenoxy acid herbicides in carrots and apples using liquid chromatography coupled triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A fast, simple and inexpensive method has been developed for the analysis of phenoxy acid herbicides: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid (MCPP), 2-(4-aryloxyphenoxy)propionic acid (Fluazifop) and 2-(4-aryloxyphenoxy)propionic acid (Haloxyfop) in carrots and apples by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The compounds were analyzed by QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) methodology without cleanup.

The recoveries were performed at two spiked levels (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg) for both matrices with six replicates for each level. The mean recoveries ranged from 70–92% for both apples and carrots. The precision of the method expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD%) was found to be in the range 3–15%. For all compounds, good linearity (r² > 0.99) was obtained over the range of concentration from 0.05 μ g/mL to 0.5 μ g/mL, corresponding to the pesticide concentrations of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. The determination limits (LOQs) ranged from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.3 ng/mL in solvent, whereas, the LOQs calculated in matrix ranged from 0.05 ng/g to 21.0 ng/g for apples and from 0.06 ng/g to 10.2 ng/g for carrots. The developed methodology combines the advantages of both QuEChERS and LC/MS/MS producing a very rapid, sensitive and cheap method useful for the routine analytical laboratories.     

Preconcentration technique for the determination of trace elements in natural water samples by ICP-AES

A procedure was developed for the determination of Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb and Mo in water samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) after preconcentration on a morpholine dithiocarbamate (mor-DTC) supported by bagasse (Saccharam aphisinaram). The sorbed elements were subsequently eluted with 4,M HNO₃ and the acid eluates were analysed by ICP–AES. The influence of various parameters such as pH, flow rate of sample, eluent concentration, volume of the sample and volume of eluent were investigated to enhance the sensitivity of the present method. A 20,mL disposable syringe served as preconcentration column. Under the optimal conditions Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb and Mo in aqueous sample was concentrated about 100-fold. The sorption recoveries of elements were higher than 99.6%. The method is also applied for the analysis of natural and spiked water samples.     

Cloud point extraction coupled with HPLC-UV for the determination of phthalate esters in environmental water samples

A method based on cloud point extraction was developed to determine phthalate esters including di-ethyl-phthalate （DEP）, di- （2-ethylhexyl）-phthalate （DEHP） and di-cyclohexyl-phthalate （DCP） in environmental water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography separation and ultraviolet detection （HPLC-UV）. The non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 was chosen as extraction solvent. The parameters affecting extraction efficiency, such as concentrations of Triton X-114 and Na2SO4, equilibration temperature, equilibration time and centrifugation time were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method can achieve preconcentration factors of 35, 88, 111 and detection of limits of 2.0, 3.8, 1.0 ng/ml for DEP, DEHP and DCP in 10-ml water sample, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amount of phathalate esters in effluent water of the wastewater treatment plant and the lixivium of plastic fragments.     

Degradation mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in supercritical water oxidation

The 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)is a potential carcinogens and TNT contaminated wastewater,which could not be effectively disposed with conventional treatments.The supercritical water oxidation(SCWO)to treat TNT contaminated wastewater was studied in this article.The TNT concentration in wastewater was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)and the degraded intermediates were analyzed using GC-MS.The results showed that SCWO could degrade TNT efficiently in the presence of oxygen.The reaction temperature,pressure,residence time and oxygen excess were the main contributing factors in the process.The decomposition of TNT was accelerated as the temperature or residence time increased.At 550℃,24 MPa,120 s and oxygen excess 300%,TNT removal rate could exceed 99.9%.Partial oxidation occured in SCWO without oxygen.It was concluded that supercritical water was a good solvent and had excellent oxidation capability in the existence of oxygen.The main intermediates of TNT during SCWO included toluene,1,3,5-trinitrobenzene,nitrophenol,naphthalene,fluorenone,dibutyl phthalate,alkanes and several dimers based on the intermediate analysis.Some side reactions,such as coupled reaction,hydrolysis reaction and isomerization reaction may take place simultaneously when TNT was oxidized by SCWO.     

综合类工业园区经济与生态环境的耦合性分析

以上海市青浦综合类工业园区为研究对象,构建了作用于生态环境的8项经济发展指标和制约经济发展的11项生态环境指标体系的评价模式.基于灰色理论,计算了上海青浦工业园区经济发展与生态环境的关联度与耦合度,对它们进行了时序变化分析,并与上海市青浦区的经济发展-生态环境的耦合协调性进行了时序比较.结果显示:上海青浦工业园区的经济...     

城市食物系统演化的人地耦合启示及驱动力——以北京食物系统为例

为探明“城市化如何驱动食物系统变化”以及“食物系统变化蕴含何种人地耦合关系”的问题,本文以北京食物系统为例,研究了该食物系统自1978年以来的演变过程,揭示食物系统演变蕴含的人地耦合关系;并建立食物系统变化指标体系和城市化驱动力指标体系,运用驱动力评价、格兰杰因果关系检验、回归分析与网络分析相结合的方法研究北京食物系统演变的驱动力及作用机制。结果发现：近40多年来北京食物系统总体经历了本地农业生产不断弱化、食物消费需求持续增长、食物流通里程不断增加的演变过程。这种变化从地理学视角来看本质上是城市食物消费蕴含的人地耦合关系从邻近扩展到更远距离的过程——即食物系统近远程耦合的演化过程。在驱动该过程的影响因素中,居民收入增长是主要的初始驱动力,要素非农化是主要中间环节,人口集聚则具有最广泛的影响,最终导致外埠供应比例不断上升,食物里程持续增长。研究表明：蕴含在食物系统中的人地关系不只局限于特定的地点、特定的区域,而是以“流空间”与地点空间相互连接、相互渗透的形式呈现出来。因此,需要采取一种整合“流空间”与地点空间的理论视角及研究方法来认知此类开放系统中的人地耦合关系。     

渗流场对地铁隧道沉降与受力影响的流固耦合分析

地下水问题是富水地层地下结构设计与施工中普遍存在的问题。为探讨地下水流动对软岩地铁隧道的稳定性及衬砌支护受力的影响,根据流固耦合理论,采用三维快速拉格朗日有限差分方法,在不同地下水位及排水边界条件下,对开挖后洞室周边场地位移、应力场、孔隙水压力的分布情况进行了综合分析。结果显示,由渗流引起的渗透力一定程度上会增加隧道周边场地变形及衬砌应力。从围岩-支护结构共同作用的原理出发,验证了隧道开挖与支护结构设计时需要考虑渗流效应,反映了地下水确实对隧道稳定性有着重要影响。     

输电线路多塔耦联体系的风致动力响应分析

输电塔结构的安全直接关系到国家电网的运行可靠性,而风荷载则是威胁其安全的主要外因之一。基于此,首先以华东某500 kV输电线路的典型输电塔结构为背景,在有限元程序AN SY S开发环境下,建立了包含三塔两线的塔线耦联体系精细化有限元分析模型;然后,应用经典的基于功率谱密度函数的谱表现方法,结合D avenport谱生成了目标场地的风场;最后,利用该生成风场,进行了上述输电塔耦联体系模型的抗风动力响应分析,进而对比了输电塔的拟静力计算结果与多塔耦联体系的动力响应计算结果。研究结果表明,中国现行输电塔抗风设计方法是偏于不安全的,有待进一步的改进。     

电感耦合等离子质谱法测定土壤中钼和钨

建立了一种对土壤中钼、钨元素同时进行快速准确测定的方法。土壤样品经微波消解处理后,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行测定,同传统测试方法相比该方法更加简单易于操作,而且该方法检测结果准确度高,精密度好。