面向国土空间规划的“双评价”：抗解问题与有限理性

资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性评价（即“双评价”）被视为国土空间规划编制的科学基础和约束条件。通过分析和总结当前国土空间规划编制中开展的“双评价”工作,发现“双评价”在发挥积极作用的同时,仍然存在对影响资源环境承载力能力和国土空间开发适宜性的科学机理认识不足、评价技术方法不完善、应用制度不健全等问题。未来需要面向生态文明理念下国土空间规划的现实需求,完善“双评价”的科学逻辑、技术逻辑和应用逻辑,提升“双评价”的科学性和实用性。同时,也应认识到国土空间规划本质上是个抗解问题,“双评价”只能发挥有限理性作用,应重视通过沟通交流、公众参与等方式应对国土空间规划编制中的具体问题,避免陷入技术决定论的误区。     

Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

CAAC工艺处理模拟大豆深加工废水厌氧出水

为满足大豆深加工行业废水处理的需要,结合好氧-厌氧耦合(AAC)工艺和移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR),研发了连续化好氧-厌氧耦合(CAAC)工艺.该工艺通过水流方向上交替改变的环境条件,实现大豆深加工废水厌氧出水污染物的去除和剩余污泥减量化.试验采用模拟大豆深加工废水厌氧出水进行处理,水力停留时间(HRT)≥1.3 d时,出水ρ(COD_Cr)保持在50 mg/L以下,COD_Cr去除率为95%,出水ρ(MLSS)保持在0～15 mg/L.经过301 d的试验,仅排放污泥1次,表观污泥产率为0.157 1,为活性污泥法的31.4%,具备良好的污泥减量化特性.      

Evolving human landscapes: a virtual laboratory approach

ABSTRACT

Different human societies shape landscapes differently. Anthroecology theory explains this long-term differential shaping of landscapes as the product of sociocultural niche construction (SNC): an evolutionary theory coupling social change with ecosystem engineering. The evolutionary mechanisms underpinning this theory cannot be tested without experimental approaches capable of reproducing emergent selection processes acting on the combined suite of cultural, material, and ecological inheritances that determine the adaptive fitness of human individuals, groups, and societies. Agent-based modeling, as a ‘generative social science’ tool, appears ideal for this. Here we propose an agent-based virtual laboratory (ABVL) approach to generating and testing basic hypotheses on SNC as a general mechanism capable of producing the broadly varied anthroecological forms and dynamics of human landscapes from prehistory to present. While major challenges must still be overcome, a prospective modeling framework specification, guiding questions, and illustrative examples demonstrate clear potential for an ABVL to test predictions of anthroecology theory through generative social simulation.     

Stable C and N isotope analysis elucidated the importance of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass bed of Santiago Island,Northwestern Philippines

The role of zooplankton in a tropical seagrass ecosystem was investigated in milkfish farms pollution-impacted and -unimpacted seagrass beds in Santiago Island coral reefs, Northwestern Philippines. The aim was to compare between the two sites: (1) abiotic factors and zooplankton community parameters, and (2) the trophic structure using C and N stable isotopes. Low water (98–119?mV) and sediment (–121 to ?138?mV) Oxidation Reduction Potential values indicated a reducing environment in the impacted site. Zooplankton in the impacted site showed the typical community response to eutrophication (low diversity, but high total abundance due to the dominance of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona oculata), generally few elevated δ¹⁵N values, but a significant shift towards depleted ¹³C due to the organic enrichment of fish-farm feeds. Apart from suggesting a highly complex food web with POM and zooplankton as main food sources in the unimpacted site, the Bayesian mixing model simulation generated reduced complexity in feeding interactions between basal sources, zooplankton, and fish including adults of a key fish species, Siganus fuscescens, in the impacted sites. In this study, C and N stable isotope analysis has clarified the importance of zooplankton as fish prey in a seagrass bed food web.     

Nutrients Seasonal Variation and Budget in Jiaozhou Bay,China: A 3-Dimensional Physical–Biological Coupled Model Study

A 3-D biological model was developed and coupled to a hydrodynamic model, i.e., Princeton Ocean Model, to simulate the seasonal variation and budget of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, and silicate in Jiaozhou Bay. The modeled nutrients distribution pattern is consistent with observation. Silicate, the most important limiting element for phytoplankton growth, is characterized by consumption in spring, increase in summer and autumn, and accumulation in winter, whereas dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous have increasing trend with low rates in spring, due to excessive river loads. Phytoplankton plays an important role in nutrient renewal by photosynthesis and respiration processes. During an annual cycle, 7.83 × 10³ t N, 0.28 × 10³ t P, and 3.93 × 10³ t Si are transported to the bay’s outer sea, i.e., the Yellow Sea, suggesting that Jiaozhou Bay is a significant source of nutrients for the Yellow Sea. The spatial distribution of nutrients is characterized by vertically homogeneous profiles, with high concentration inside the bay and low concentration toward the bay channel. These features are mainly governed by strong turbulent mixing, fluvial influx, water exchange rate, and Yellow Sea water intrusion. Numerical experiments suggest that the government should pay enough attention to proper layout of sewage drainage.     

江西地域煤炭中重金属元素分布研究

通过微波消解、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分析了江西区域各煤矿煤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种金属元素的含量,该7种金属元素在0～5ppm的浓度区间具有良好的线性关系,其相关系数r≥0.9997;回收率为92.55%～114.27%,实验数据真实可靠,结果表明:江西地域煤炭中重金属含量分布较广,各地域煤炭中各金属元素的分布与当地环境有关。     

HPLC分离-氢化物发生-动态反应池-ICP/MS联用分析废水中砷形态

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）分离水中不同的砷物种,将串联进入氢化物发生(HG)-动态反应池（DRC）-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HPLC-HG-ICP-DRC-MS)系统进行检测,由此建立了废水中砷形态的分析方法,并探讨了最佳测试条件,最后对宁波部分地区废水中砷形态分布规律进行了初步探讨.结果表明,以0.04 mol·L-1L半胱氨酸(L-cys)、0.132 mol·L-1NaBH4和体积分数2%的HCl作为氢化物发生器载液,以H2作为DRC-ICP-MS反应气,控制流速为1.5mL·min-1时,4种As物种都有最佳的氢化物发生效率,且其它金属离子对分析干扰可忽略不计,求得As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、单甲基砷（MMA）、双甲基砷（DMA）的检测下限（3倍噪音）分别为0.003、0.001、0.002、0.004 μg·L-1.此系统可成功测定废水中砷的形态.