低C/N比水产养殖废水生物脱氮实验研究

随着短程硝化-反硝化理论研究的发展,在低C/N比条件下,实现污水的生物脱氮处理已成为可能。为此,设计了水产养殖用水的三级生物膜短程硝化-反硝化处理工艺,并对该工艺在去除模拟水产养殖废水主要污染物的作用进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,在进水pH值7.5~8.5,温度为28~32℃,溶解氧为0.5~1 mg/L,游离氨浓度为5~10 mg/L的条件下,模拟废水的COD、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别达到94.4%、91.6%和70.1%;并且低C/N比对出水氨氮NH4+-N的去除率影响不大,NO2--N的平均浓度控制在5.2 mg/L以下,低于鱼类的耐受浓度。表明该短程硝化-反硝化工艺设计,可用于低C/N比水产养殖废水主要污染物的生物处理,尤其是可消除NO2--N对水产养殖的潜在威胁,基本达到养鱼回用标准。     

Can Export-Oriented Aquaculture in Developing Countries be Sustainable and Promote Sustainable Development? The Shrimp Case

Industrial shrimp farming has been promoted by international development and financial institutions in coastal indebted poor countries as a way to obtain foreign exchange earnings, reimburse external debt, and promote development. The promotion of the shrimp industry is a clear example of a more general trend of support of export-oriented primary products, consisting in monocultures of commodities, as opposed to the promotion of more diverse, traditional production directed to feed the local population. In general, it is assumed that export-oriented aquaculture and agriculture, in a framework of liberalization policies, facilitates economic growth and this is associated with poverty reduction and the improvement of food security. However, it has been shown that the promotion of export-oriented production, mostly in the hands of big corporations, can have detrimental consequences for the livelihoods of local populations and the environment. As a result, international institutions, NGOs, and the industry aim to minimize these impacts by promoting sustainable export-oriented production. But some impacts may remain, since the main issue is the primary focus on international deregulated markets and the search for cheap primary products. To illustrate the relationships between the mainstream concept of development, the environmental and social impact of industrial farming systems, and the promotion of export-oriented production in developing countries, this article analyzes the case of the shrimp aquaculture industry.     

典型养殖型湖泊沉积物污染风险评价及来源解析

为了解典型养殖型湖泊沉积物污染特征以及污染来源,系统采集并测定了骆马湖养殖区和非养殖区沉积物营养盐与5种重金属元素（Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cr）含量.分析了骆马湖沉积物污染物的空间分布特征和垂向分布特征,基于潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对沉积物重金属生态健康风险进行评价,并通过Pearson相关性分析与主成分分析（PCA）进行污染物来源解析.结果表明：骆马湖沉积物整体污染严重,由于圈圩和围网养殖阻碍了水体连通性,养殖区营养盐空间分布不均,重金属在入湖口附近含量更高.同时大量投放的鱼类、营养物质和含重金属杀菌剂等对湖泊生态系统和环境造成了一定破坏.圈圩区沉积物营养盐和重金属在垂向上无明显的线性累积,但非养殖区沉积物污染程度随深度变浅而增加趋势明显.骆马湖沉积物重金属整体呈重度生态风险,其中Hg的生态风险最高.除了Cr对儿童健康具有非致癌风险,其他重金属尚未对人体健康构成致癌和非致癌风险.总体而言,骆马湖沉积物中重金属如Zn、Pb、Hg和总磷以入湖客水与骆马湖沿岸旅游业、工业及农业开发等外源输入为主;总氮和总有机碳主要受养殖和水生植物等内源影响;基于污染来源解析结果,建议对骆马湖...     

长江流域养殖池塘氮磷污染负荷估算

长江流域平原区水网密布、渔业发达,养殖池塘造成的氮磷污染问题突出,是河湖富营养化的重要污染源之一;从大空间尺度,精细化估算养殖池塘的氮磷污染负荷,对水污染的精准防控具有重要意义.以长江流域为研究区,依托Google Earth Engine遥感大数据平台,构建了基于机器学习算法的养殖池塘识别模型,精细化识别了长江流域养殖池塘的分布与类型;梳理养殖坑塘的氮磷污染研究案例,针对长江流域养殖坑塘的特征,构建氮磷污染负荷的估算方法,评估氮磷污染负荷的时空分布.研究结果表明：2021年,长江流域养殖池塘总面积为14567km²,包括鱼塘5820 km²、虾蟹塘8747 km²、氮磷排放量分别为95059、16224 t;中部地区的氮磷污染负荷最大,东部地区次之,西部地区最小.本研究是遥感大数据在大尺度污染负荷定量分析的尝试应用,方法适用于其它类型污染负荷的估算.     

Interactions of fluoroquinolone antibiotics with sodium hypochlorite in bromide-containing synthetic water: Reaction kinetics and transformation pathways

Seven popular fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) in synthetic marine aquaculture water were subject to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection scenario to investigate their reaction kinetics and transformation during chlorination. Reactivity of each FQ to NaClO was following the order of ofloxacin (OFL) > enrofloxacin (ENR) > lomefloxacin (LOM) > ciprofloxacin (CIP) ~ norfloxacin (NOR) >> pipemedic acid (PIP), while flumequine did not exhibit reactivity. The coexisting chlorine ions and sulfate ions in the water slightly facilitated the oxidation of FQs by NaClO, while humic acid was inhibitable to their degradation. The bromide ions promoted degradation of CIP and LOM, but restrained oxidation of OFL and ENR. By analysis of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), eight kinds of emerging brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) caused by FQ_S were primarily identified in the chlorinated synthetic marine culture water. Through density functional theory calculation, the highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) characteristic as well as the charge distribution of the FQs were obtained to clarify transformation mechanisms. Their formation involved decarboxylation, ring-opening/closure, dealkylation and halogenation. Chlorine substitution occurred on the ortho-position of FQs's N4 and bromine substitution occurred on C8 position. The piperazine ring containing tertiary amine was comparatively stable, while this moiety with a secondary amine structure would break down during chlorination. Additionally, logK_ow and logBAF of transformation products were calculated by EPI-Suite^TM to analyze their bioaccumulation. The values indicated that Br-DBPs are easier to accumulate in the aquatic organism relative to their chloro-analogues and parent compounds.     

养殖塘CH4通量时空变化特征及其影响因素

本研究基于多通道密闭式动态箱法对亚热带典型养殖塘CH₄通量的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明：亚热带养殖塘CH₄主要排放方式是冒泡,CH₄扩散及冒泡通量均呈现明显的季节变化特征.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节CH₄扩散通量分别为：0.113,0.830,0.002,0.005μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量分别为0.923,1.789,0.006,0.007μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量占总通量的比例分别为89.04%、68.29%、78.95%和60.52%.在冬、春季养殖塘没有人工管理措施的情况下,CH₄通量随着离岸距离的增加而增大,冬、春季养殖塘中间区域CH₄总通量分别是岸边浅水区的34.70和2.98倍.夏季养殖活跃期CH₄通量在空间上呈现出：人工投食区（7.371μmol/（m²·s））>自然生长区（2.151μmol/（m²·s））>人工增氧区（0.888μmol/（m²·s））>岸边浅水区（0.206μmol/（m²·s））的特征.在0.5h尺度上,春季CH₄扩散通量与水温呈显著正相关关系,与风速呈负相关关系,秋季CH₄扩散通量与水温、风速呈正相关关系,冒泡通量和水温呈正相关关系.在日尺度上,水温是CH₄扩散通量和冒泡通量的主控因子,两者均随着水温升高呈指数增加,并且冒泡通量的水温敏感性Q₁₀（12.72）大于扩散通量（7.78）.     

高比表面硫脲改性花生壳炭的制备及对四环素和铜的吸附

以硫脲和磷酸为改性剂,通过一步碳化制备了高活性氮硫共掺杂高比表面改性花生壳炭PBC-NS.探讨了改性花生壳炭PBC-NS吸附单一与混合体系中TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附特性,并研究了改性对TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附的增强作用及机制.结果表明,改性花生壳炭PBC-NS成功引入了砒啶氮、石墨氮、 C—S—C和—SH等氮硫官能团,且改性后比表面积高达1 437 m²·g^-1,比改性前提升了2.6倍.改性花生壳炭PBC-NS对单一体系TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为585mg·g^-1和21.2mg·g^-1,较改性前提升2.6倍和2.7倍;且PBC-NS对混合体系中的TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的饱和吸附量较单一体系提升13mg·g^-1和6.8mg·g^-1.PBC-NS在4次重复使用后对TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附容量仍能达到初始吸附量的66%和70%.等温拟合与现代光谱分析表明,改性使PBC-NS对TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量的大幅提高主要归因于氮硫活性官能位的化学络合和高比表面引起的孔填充共同作用...     

闽江河口养殖塘水体溶存氧化亚氮浓度及扩散通量研究

水产养殖生态系统由于其高氮负荷而成为氧化亚氮(N_2O)的潜在释放源.本文以福建闽江河口养虾塘为研究对象,采用静态顶空-气相色谱法测定分析了表层水体溶存N_2O浓度和饱和度,基于薄边界层模型计算了水-气界面N_2O扩散通量,在此基础上结合气象要素与水环境因子分析其主要影响因素.结果表明,养殖塘水体溶存N_2O浓度和饱和度的均值分别为17.96 nmol·L~(-1)和198.03%,时间变化上表现为养殖中期显著高于养殖末期和初期,且具有一定的日变化特征.相关分析表明,N_2O浓度及饱和度与温度、水体NH~+_4-N和叶绿素a浓度呈显著正相关(p0.05),与气压、风速和水体pH值呈显著负相关(p0.05).LM86、W92和RC01模型估算的养殖塘水-气界面N_2O扩散通量的均值分别为20.80、183.75和298.52 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),3种扩散通量均呈现出随着养殖时间推移显著增加的特征,风速和水体溶存N_2O是影响河口养殖塘N_2O扩散通量的重要因子.N_2O扩散通量与扩散系数的取值密切相关,但不同模型方程计算得出的扩散系数存在显著差异,比较发现,RC01模型更适合河口区养殖塘水-气界面N_2O扩散通量估算.本研究结果可为完善水产养殖生态系统的N_2O排放清单编制和近海水环境保护提供一定的科学依据.     

珠江口典型水产养殖区抗生素抗性基因污染的初步研究

使用普通PCR和荧光定量PCR方法对珠江口典型水产养殖区水和沉积物中3种磺胺类、7种四环素类、1种喹诺酮类抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)和1种整合子基因进行了定性和定量研究.结果表明,除tetW外,所有其他ARGs在珠江口养殖区中均被检出,其中sul1、sul2和int1的检出率为100%.相同养殖模式下,养殖时间越长ARGs的相对含量越高,表明ARGs具有累积效应;不同养殖模式池塘中ARGs的含量存在差异,表明养殖模式可能影响ARGs的含量与分布.int1相对含量与sul1和ARGs总量之间均存在显著相关性(P<0.05),表明int1在ARGs的水平传播中起着非常重要的作用.此外,珠江口水产养殖区沉积物中抗生素浓度与ARGs总量存在显著相关性(P<0.05),说明水产养殖区中抗生素残留是诱导养殖区ARGs的主要因素.     

天津水产业磺胺类耐药细菌及其分布

水产养殖中抗生素的滥用可能会诱导水产品和周围环境中的耐药菌.针对天津市北辰区、西青区、东丽区和津南区的6个水产养殖场的底泥和水样,采用抗性平板筛选耐药细菌,通过对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率分析,发现底泥中的耐药率要大大高于水中的耐药率,并且与国外的某些研究相比,底泥的细菌耐药率呈现较高的趋势.另外,利用16S-rDNA鉴定出8...