催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

以非贵金属Cu、Fe、Mn和Ce为主要活性成分和TiO2、-γA l2O3为载体,制备了10种用于催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的催化剂。考察了载体、焙烧温度、成分配比对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响,研究了氧气分压、催化剂投加量、反应温度和反应时间对催化湿式氧化过程的影响规律。结果表明:(1)Fe-Mn/-γA l2O3(3∶1∶1)催化剂是催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的可选催化剂;(2)适宜的氧气供应量为理论需氧量的3.4~4.6倍,催化剂的投加量以10 g/L为佳;在300℃下反应30 m in或在280℃下反应60 m in,处理水可达到污水综合排放标准GB9878-1996的三级标准。     

Anaerobic degradation of diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from river sediment in Taiwan

We investigated anaerobic degradation rates for three phthalate esters (PAEs), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from river sediment in Taiwan. The respective anaerobic degradation rate constants for DEP, DBP, and DEHP were observed as 0.045, 0.074, and 0.027 1/day, with respective half-lives of 15.4, 9.4, and 25.7 days under optimal conditions of 30 °C and pH 7.0. Anaerobic degradation rates were enhanced by the addition of the surfactants brij 35 and triton N101 at a concentration of 1 critical micelle concentration (CMC), and by the addition of yeast extract. Degradation rates were inhibited by the addition of acetate, pyruvate, lactate, FeCl₃, MnO₂, NaCl, heavy metals, and nonylphenol. Our results indicate that methanogen, sulfate-reducing bacteria, and eubacteria are involved in the degradation of PAEs.     

Growth of Plants on TBT-contaminated Harbour Sludge and Effect on TBT Removal (10 pp)

Background Worldwide, large amounts of sediments have to be dredged annually from waterways and harbours. These sediments are sometimes polluted with a variety of toxic compounds. In some countries, including Belgium, the load with the biocide tributyltin (TBT) from ship coatings prohibits the dumping of harbour sludge into the sea. Land-based dumping is a commonly used alternative. Objective This research investigated the feasibility to use land-deposited harbour sludge for plant production. In a field trial, the growth of 38 more or less salt-tolerant plant species on low and high TBT-contaminated sediments was studied. The elimination of TBT from sludge with and without vegetation was compared. The uptake of TBT and its degradation products di- and monobutyltin (DBT and MBT) into harvest products under field conditions was determined. - Experimental Set-up. Sediments dredged in May 2003 from the brackish waters of the port of Antwerp were analysed in the laboratory for soil texture, pH, electroconductivity, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, nitrate, total nitrogen, chloride, sulphur and the organotins TBT, DBT and MBT. The sediments were lagooned for one year to dewater, desalinate and improve their structure. Salt-tolerant domestic and wild plants were selected and sown in May 2004. In August 2004, plants were harvested and the produced biomass was determined. Samples were taken from vegetated and non-vegetated top and bottom sediments and from plants growing above soil and analysed for TBT, DBT and MBT. Results The fresh sediments showed a good supply with nutrients and a neutral pH, but were rather saline (EC 14 mS cm-1 of the saturated paste extract). The salinity decreased to 3.7 mS cm-1 during lagoonation. The high and the low contaminated sediment had initially 43 and 1.6 mg TBT kg-1 dry weight, respectively. Besides TBT, several other contaminants were present in the sediments at critical levels. The biomass production of the plant species from the field trial ranged from 0.2 to 13 tons dry mass per hectare. Plants performing excellently were barley, sorghum, rape seed, a clover/grass mix and reed. If at all, a positive influence of TBT on plant growth was seen. TBT was degraded significantly faster (>40%) below barley. The uptake of TBT, DBT and MBT into stem and leaves of reed, grass and clover was very low, but measurable and not related to concentrations in soil. No uptake of TBT or its metabolites into corn of barley was found. Discussion This study confirmed former results: the toxicity of TBT to higher plants is low, and even high levels in soils would not be a hindrance for crop production. The removal of TBT seemed to be increased by both lagooning and plant growth, although the target values for sea dumping in use in certain European countries were not reached. A plausible explanation for the faster degradation of TBT under vegetation is that oxygen is a limiting factor, and plants dewater the soil, thus aerating it. The uptake of the organotins TBT, DBT and MBT into harvest products is probably due to attached soil particles. Conclusions To summarize, barley was the optimal species: it grew very well despite the salinity of the dredged sediments, it had a significantly positive effect on TBT removal; it showed no measurable uptake of TBT or the other butyltins into the harvested product; and it is a cash crop well established in European agriculture. Outlook The amounts of dredged sediments are high, and good soils are becoming increasingly rare. The feasibility of using dredged sediments for non-food production, such as energy crops, should be investigated by a critical risk assessment.     

Measurements of selected PCBs in open urban ambient air of Madrid (Spain)

The focus of this study was to characterize the concentration levels of selected PCBs and compare them to compiled data in order to contribute to the international database. The sampling site is located in the outskirts of Madrid and can be considered an open urban area. 32 samples of air were taken from February 1998 to June 1998 by using a high volume air sampler. Glass fiber filters and polyurethane foam (PUF) were used to collect the paniculate and gas phase material, respectively. PUF plugs were Soxhlet extracted and filters were ultrasonically extracted by using pesticide-grade hexane and dichloromethane, respectively. The cleanup procedure was carried out on a florisil column with hexane and hexane/dichloromethane as elution solvents. GC/MS in a selected ion monitoring mode was used for quantification and 29 selected PCBs congeners were analyzed.     

综合交通枢纽运营安全集成管理机制的构建

为提高综合交通枢纽(ITH)运营安全管理的效率和效果,从脆弱性的角度,分析综合交通枢纽运营安全事故的机理和运营安全管理的特性,构建综合交通枢纽运营安全集成管理机制。该机制以安全信息、安全组织和安全资源的协调、集成和优化为核心,包含干扰监测、威胁预警、漏洞修复、事故控制、鲁棒性提升和应急与恢复等实施机制。建立包含管理措施和技术手段的支撑体系。研究表明:脆弱性是综合交通枢纽运营安全事故发生的根源;该机制以脆弱性为突破口,通过若干管理措施和技术手段,能够实现综合交通枢纽运营安全的全要素、全过程和全资源的集成管理。     

碳酸氢钠及其固态分解产物对玉米淀粉爆炸抑制实验研究

为研究NaHCO3对玉米淀粉爆炸的抑制效果,采用20 L球形爆炸装置测试玉米淀粉在添加不同抑制比NaHCO3及其固态分解产物Na2 CO3后爆炸参数变化规律,并分析NaHCO3抑制淀粉爆炸过程.结果表明:NaHCO3及Na2 CO3对玉米淀粉爆炸均有抑制作用,NaHCO3抑制效果优于Na2 CO3;混合粉尘的最大爆炸压...     

电镀污泥脱水稳定剂制备及应用研究

针对电镀污泥脱水过程中金属离子大量溶出带来的处理难题,以四甲基乙二胺、二硫化碳为主要原料,以氢氧化钾为引发剂,采用聚合法制备了一种脱水稳定剂,并考察了稳定剂投加量、污泥pH值、反应温度和反应时间对电镀污泥离心脱水时重金属溶出的影响。结果表明,在稳定剂投加量(稳定剂与污泥的质量比)为1%、反应温度为20℃、pH=1、反应时间为30 min、转速为3 000 r/min条件下对含Ni(Ⅱ)电镀污泥离心脱水后,Ni(Ⅱ)脱水稳定率达96.88%,且脱水稳定剂对混合电镀污泥中Ni(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)的选择性大于Zn(Ⅱ)。脱水稳定剂的脱水稳定机理是其中的二硫代氨基甲酸盐与重金属离子M(Ⅱ)(Ni(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)等)形成配位键,从而形成稳定的交联网状结构,达到化学稳定,实现了离心脱水极少重金属离子溶出(即脱水稳定)的效果。所合成的脱水稳定剂可广泛用于含镍、铜、锌等金属离子的电镀污泥脱水处理。     

TMBR+NF/RO组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的工程应用

采用TMBR+NF/RO组合工艺对湖北省宜昌市某垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液进行处理,介绍了组合工艺的流程、特点、设备规格、技术参数。TMBR系统对可生化降解COD处理后,COD平均质量浓度为822 mg/L,平均去除率为95.8%,对NH_3-N平均去除率为94.9%;经过NF/RO出水的COD平均值为45 mg/L,NH_3-N均小于25mg/L,达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)的排放标准。组合工艺处理成本为29.5元/m3。     

毛竹遗态 Fe2O3／Fe3O4／C 复合材料对水中锑（III）的吸附研究

以毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料为吸附剂,锑（III ）初始含量、溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量以及吸附剂粒径为影响因素开展吸附影响研究。结果表明,随着锑（III ）初始浓度的升高,毛竹遗态Fe2 O3／Fe3 O4／C复合材料对锑（III ）的吸附量逐渐增加;初始溶液pH为7时,对锑（III ）的吸附效果最好,吸附量为4．7821 mg／g;块状吸附剂对水中锑（III ）的去除率和吸附量与粉末状吸附剂吸附效果相当。