Distribution and sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the River Rhine watershed

The concentration profile of 40 polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water along the River Rhine watershed from the Lake Constance to the North Sea was investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of point as well as diffuse sources, to estimate fluxes of PFAS into the North Sea and to identify replacement compounds of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In addition, an interlaboratory comparison of the method performance was conducted. The PFAS pattern was dominated by perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) with concentrations up to 181 ng/L and 335 ng/L, respectively, which originated from industrial point sources. Fluxes of ΣPFAS were estimated to be ∼6 tonnes/year which is much higher than previous estimations. Both, the River Rhine and the River Scheldt, seem to act as important sources of PFAS into the North Sea.     

Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对全氟辛烷磺酸盐的吸附

采用共沉淀法合成Fe3O4纳米磁性颗粒,用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）以及振动样品磁强计（VSM）对Fe3O4纳米磁性颗粒的粒径、形貌和磁性进行表征并研究Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对全氟辛磺酸盐的吸附。结果表明：在PFOS初始浓度4 mg/L,pH为3,反应时间24 h,Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒投加量1.25 g/L,对全氟辛磺酸盐去除率达到90%。Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对PFOS的吸附符合Freundlich吸附方程。     

全氟羟基物质在冠海豹(Hooded seals)体内的母源性传递

在野生动物物种中,乳汁在传递全氟烃基物质(PFASs)于后代中所起的作用,人类还了解甚少。本文以雌性冠海豹及其生产的一对幼崽为研究对象,在哺乳期间,对母体血浆和乳汁中的8种PFASs进行了定量检测,以及对乳汁在PFASs传递过程中所起的作用进行了分析。选择冠海豹是因为它的泌乳周期短(3~ 4 d),在此期间幼崽仅以乳汁为食。胎盘或乳汁传递成为幼崽体内PFASs的唯一来源。通过对8种PFASs的分析(Σ8PFAS),发现7种存在于所有样品中;因此,乳汁是幼崽体内PFASs的来源。在所有样本中,全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物是优势PFAS。Σ8PFAS的平均浓度为母体血浆中6.0 ng/g蛋白(36 ng/g湿重),乳汁中0.77 ng/g蛋白(3.2 ng/g湿重)以及幼崽血浆中12 ng/g蛋白(66 ng g湿重)。血浆中检测到的PFASs浓度在已有报道的其他海豹物种体内检测到的浓度范围之内,低于已知的实验啮齿动物的毒性阈值。PFASs从母体到幼崽的传递效率的个体差异,依赖于PFASs碳键长度、相对传递量最低的为中间能级键的PFASs (C9-C10)。结果显示母体通过乳汁和胎盘传递PFASs,其中胎盘传递是主导途径。
精选自Randi Gr?nnestad, Gro D. Villanger, Anuschka Polder, Kit M. Kovacs, Christian Lydersen, Bj?rn M. Jenssen, Katrine Borg?. Maternal transfer of perfluoroalkyl subastances in hooded seals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 763–770, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3623
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3623/full
     

Equilibrium partitioning theory to predict the sediment toxicity of the anionic surfactant C(12)-2-LAS to Corophium volutator

The study of the effect of the sorption of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) on the bioavailability to marine benthic organisms is essential to refine the environmental risk assessment of these compounds. According to the equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP), the effect concentration in water-only exposure will be similar to the effect concentration in the sediment pore water. In this work, sorption and desorption experiments with two marine sediments were carried out using the compound C₁₂-2-LAS. The effect of the sediment sorption on the toxicity of benthic organisms was studied in water-only and in sediment bioassays with the marine mud shrimp Corophium volutator. In addition, three common spiking methods were tested for its application in the toxicity tests, as well as the stability of the surfactant during the water-only and sediment-water test duration. LC50 values obtained from water-only exposure showed a good correspondence with the pore water concentrations calculated from the sorption and desorption isotherms in the spiked sediments.     

我国合成洗涤剂生产废水治理技术研究

综述了近年来我国合成洗涤剂生产废水的特性;化学混凝法、泡沫分离法和生物接触氧化法处理合成洗涤剂生产废水的最佳工艺条件及其处理效果;工程应用实例及经济分析等。生产运行结果表明,处理后出水水质全面达到国家排放标准。化学混凝法,泡沫分离一混凝法其设备、流程简单、去除效率高、占地少,但运行费用较高。生物接触氧化－臭氧氧化法其出水可以回用、工艺先进、可靠、运行费用低、无二次污染。     

深圳市表层土中氟化物组成及分布

为探究深圳市表层土中氟化物的组成及其与土壤性质参数(有机碳和pH值)的相关关系,应用氟离子选择电极法测定了深圳市表层土中总氟(TF)、可萃取有机氟(EOF)的含量,用固相萃取分离富集与高效液相色谱串联质谱的方法分析了深圳市表层土中全氟化合物(PFCs)的残留水平.结果表明,深圳市表层土中氟化物主要以无机态存在,呈TF>>EOF>> IF(可鉴别F,即以氟计量的总PFCs)的分布规律; EOF仅占TF的0.04%,IF占EOF的0.32%,显示近99.7%的EOF仍属未知.深圳市表层土中PFOA、PFOS分别占∑PFCs的43%(18%~100%)和20%(n.d.~44%),是表层土中主要的PFCs污染物,就空间分布而言,∑PFCs呈西高东低的趋势.表层土中EOF和∑PFCs含量受土壤性质参数的影响,pH值与EOF(P<0.05)、∑PFCs(P<0.01)含量呈负相关,有机碳则与EOF、∑PFCs呈正相关(P<0.01).     

大连沿海常见海产品PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平调查

文章应用液相色谱-质谱分析方法,对2009年春季大连沿海常见海产品体内PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平进行了调查。鱼、蟹、乌贼和海胆肌肉中PFOS的平均暴露水平分别为0.40 ng/g,0.07 ng/g,0.09 ng/g及0.12 ng/g(湿重),而PFOA的平均暴露水平分别为0.06ng/g,0.01 ng/g,0.06 ng/g及0.10 ng/g(湿重)。鱼类肝脏中PFOS和PFOA的平均暴露水平分别为0.90 ng/g和0.24 ng/g。调查结果表明,大连沿岸常见海产品体内普遍检测到PFOS和PFOA,并且肝脏中PFOS和PFOA暴露水平均高于肌肉组织。通过比较发现,大连沿岸鱼类样品中PFOS的暴露水平低于美、日等国家的沿岸海域鱼类的暴露水平。     

Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Increases the Genotoxicity of Cyclophosphamide in the Micronucleus Assay with V79 Cells: Further Proof of Alterations in Cell Membrane Properties Caused by PFOS (3 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; C8F17SO3-) is a fully fluorinated organic compound which has been manufactured for decades and was used widely in industrial and commercial products. The recent toxicological knowledge of PFOS mainly concerns mono-substance exposures of PFOS to biological systems, leaving the potential interactive effects of PFOS with other compounds as an area where understanding is significantly lacking. However, a recent study, reported the potential of PFOS to enhance the toxicity of two compounds by increasing cell membrane permeability. This is of particular concern since PFOS has been reported to be widely distributed in the environment where contaminants are known to occur in complex mixtures. In this study, PFOS was evaluated alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide (CPP) to investigate whether a presence of PFOS leads to an increased genotoxic potential of CPP towards hamster lung V79 cells. Genotoxicity was investigated using the micronucleus (MN) assay according to the recent draft ISO/DIS 21427-2 method. PFOS alone demonstrated no genotoxicity up to a concentration of 12.5 mg/L. However, PFOS combined with two different concentrations of CPP, with metabolic activation, caused a significant increase in the number of micronucleated cells compared to treatments with CPP only. These results provide a first indication that PFOS has the potential to enhance the genotoxic action of CPP towards V79 cells, suggesting that together with the alterations in cell membrane properties shown previously, that genotoxicity of complex mixtures may be increased significantly by changes in chemical uptake. Together with an earlier study performed by the own working group it can be concluded that PFOS alone is not genotoxic in this bioassay using V79 cells up to 12.5 mg/L, but that further investigations are needed to assess the potential interaction between PFOS and other substances, in particular regarding the impact of membrane alterations on the uptake of toxic substances. Materials and Methods: - Results: - Discussion: - Conclusions: - Recommendations and Perspectives: -     

三氯乙酸与其他有机物在活性炭上的竞争吸附

通过等温吸附实验,考察了三氯乙酸(TCAA)与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(DBS)、腐殖酸(HA)在活性炭(GAC)上的竞争吸附现象。结果表明,GAC对TCAA的吸附符合Langmuir模型,对DBS和HA的吸附均符合Freudlich模型;在GAC上,DBS和HA对TCAA构成竞争吸附,大分子HA阻塞GAC的微孔,使得TCAA与DBS难以进入微孔;GAC对3种物质的吸附能力由大到小依次为DBS、TCAA和HA;离子型表面活性剂DBS憎水性一端与TCAA竞争吸附位,亲水性一端与TCAA形成吸附,使GAC总饱和吸附量有所加大。