表面活性剂对地表水中微生物的毒性效应

研究了甜菜碱和石油磺酸盐表面活性剂对地表水中微生物的数量和代谢活性的影响,并基于菌群16S rRNA基因的高通量测序,比较分析了表面活性剂作用前后微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,两种表面活性剂胁迫下微生物的生长活性均遵循低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的作用规律,表现出明显的浓度依赖性.与空白组相比,在1.5g/L的表面活性剂的作用下,微生物数量、蛋白质含量以及脱氢酶的活性均明显降低,且同浓度下的甜菜碱表现出更高的生物毒性;菌群多样性分析发现,肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）以高于75%的比例成为所有样本中的优势菌属,从各组来看石油磺酸盐可有效提高肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）的相对丰度,对假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）抑制作用显著;而甜菜碱则可明显增加假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）的菌属比例,抑制肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）和根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）的繁殖;通过表面活性剂与纯种菌的作用发现,表面活性剂可通过扰乱细菌的生长周期、破坏细胞膜结构来干扰细胞的正常生理功能,从而使其活性降低甚至死亡.     

Analysis of PFAAs in American alligators part 1: Concentrations in alligators harvested for consumption during South Carolina public hunts

Environmental contamination resulting from the production or release of harmful chemicals can lead to negative consequences for wildlife and human health. Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) were historically produced as protective coatings for many household items and currently persist in the environment, wildlife, and humans. PFAAs have been linked to immune suppression, endocrine disruption, and developmental toxicity in wildlife and laboratory studies. This study examines the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, as an important indicator of ecosystem contamination and a potential pathway for PFAA exposure in humans. Alligator meat harvested in the 2015 South Carolina (SC) public hunt season and prepared for human consumption was collected and analyzed for PFAAs to determine meat concentrations and relationships with animal body size (total length), sex, and location of harvest. Of the 15 PFAAs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found in all alligator meat samples and at the highest concentrations (median 6.73 ng/g). No relationship was found between PFAA concentrations and total length or sex. Concentrations of one or all compounds varied significantly across sampling locations, with alligators harvested in the Middle Coastal hunt unit having the highest PFOS concentrations (median 16.0 ng/g; p = 0.0001). Alligators harvested specifically from Berkley County, SC (located in the Middle Coastal hunt unit) had the highest PFOS concentrations and the greatest number of PFAAs detected (p < 0.0001). The site-specific nature of PFAA concentrations in alligator meat observed in this study suggests a source of PFAA contamination in Berkley County, SC.     

全氟辛烷磺酸对雄性鹌鹑生殖毒性影响

以雄鹌鹑为禽类指示动物,探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对禽类的雄性生殖毒性,染毒组饲料中PFOS浓度分别为10和30mg·kg-1.雄鹌鹑从出生后第9天开始连续染毒54 d.实验结束时,观察睾丸和附睾脏器系数、精子数、睾丸组织中LDH和SDH酶活性、血清中甲状腺激素T3、T4和促甲状腺分泌激素(TSH)及睾酮(T)浓度,...     

背角无齿蚌AwPrx4A基因克隆及在PFOS和PFOA胁迫下的表达分析

硫氧化蛋白过氧化物酶(Prx)可以将过氧化氢、有机过氧化物和过氧化合物分别转化为水、乙醇和亚硝酸盐,是机体一种重要的抗氧化蛋白。为了探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)对背角无齿蚌的胁迫效应,背角无齿蚌随机分为对照组、PFOS处理组和PFOA处理组;同时克隆出AwPrx4A全基因序列,分析PFOS和PFOA对AwPrx4A表达的影响。背角无齿蚌AwPrx4A cDNA全长由958个核苷酸组成,包含1个120 bp的5’非编码区,1个412 bp的3’非编码区和1个426 bp的开放阅读框,开放阅读框为由142个氨基酸组成的多肽链。PFOS和PFOA对背角无齿蚌的LC50分别为28.388和192.083 mg·L~(-1)。与对照组相比,浓度6.25、12.5、25、50和100 mg·L~(-1)的PFOS处理后,实验观察过程中肝胰腺中AwPrx4A mRNA水平分别增加了18.75%、2.85倍(P 0.05)、5.08倍(P 0.01)、5.52倍(P 0.01)和6.77倍(P 0.01)以上。与对照组相比,浓度50、100、200、400和800 mg·L~(-1)的PFOA处理后,实验观察过程中肝胰腺AwPrx4A mRNA水平分别增加了20.83%、2.21倍(P 0.01)、2.25倍(P 0.01)、3.19倍(P 0.01)和5.64倍(P 0.01)以上。与对照组相比,PFOS和PFOA处理后鳃中AwPrx4A mRNA水平分别增加了61.61%(P 0.05)和59.59%(P 0.05)以上。与对照组相比,PFOS和PFOA处理后血淋巴中AwPrx4A mRNA水平分别增加了47.42%和20.61%以上。结果表明,PFOS和PFOA处理对背角无齿蚌AwPrx4A表达具有明显的诱导作用,其原因与对抗PFOS和PFOA的胁迫效应有关。     

A rapid and high-throughput quantum dots bioassay for monitoring of perfluorooctane sulfonate in environmental water samples

Currently HPLC/MS is the state of the art tool for environmental/drinking water perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) monitoring. PFOS can bind to peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), which forms heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and binds to PPAR response elements. In this bioassay free PFOS in water samples competes with immobilized PFOS in ELISA plates for a given amount of PPARα-RXRα. It can be determined indirectly by immobilizing PPARα-RXRα-PFOS complex to another plate coated with PPARα antibody and subsequent measuring the level of PPARα-RXRα by using biotin-modified PPARα-RXRα probes-quantum dots-streptavidin detection system. The rapid and high-throughput bioassay demonstrated a detection limit of 2.5 ng L⁻¹ with linear range between 2.5 ng L⁻¹ and 75 ng L⁻¹. Detection results of environmental water samples were highly consistent between the bioassay and HPLC/MS.     

Extraction procedure optimization for perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in food packaging determination by LC-MS/MS

This research aimed to optimize the extraction method parameters for sample pretreatment and determine the levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) contamination in food packaging made of paper. Techniques used were pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Influence parameters of PLE were carefully evaluated for extracted concentration of samples in low level (ng g^?1). The study found that the optimal conditions for PLE were 30 min static extraction time with a flush volume of 100% cell volume and one extraction cycle at 80°C and 1,000 psi. The extraction technique validated the absolute recovery from PFOS and PFOA fortified control samples at three different levels (5, 50, and 200 ng g^?1), with seven repeats at each fortification level. The average recoveries were 79% or higher, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 11%. Optimization of the PLE method was established based on recovery data, accuracy, precision, and repeatability of the method. Using optimal PLE technique, PFOS and PFOA were extracted from 34 food-packaging samples collected in Thailand. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all kinds of collected samples, with average concentrations of 4.89 and 2.87 ng g^?1, respectively. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were highest in fast-food container samples: 36.99 and 9.99 ng g^?1, respectively.     

Linear and branched perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) isomer patterns differ among several tissues and blood of polar bears

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a globally distributed persistent organic pollutant that has been found to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in aquatic food webs. Although principally in its linear isomeric configuration, 21–35% of the PFOS manufactured via electrochemical fluorination is produced as a branched structural isomer. PFOS isomer patterns were investigated in multiple tissues of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland. The liver (n = 9), blood (n = 19), brain (n = 16), muscle (n = 5), and adipose (n = 5) were analyzed for linear PFOS (n-PFOS), as well as multiple mono- and di-trifluoromethyl-substituted branched isomers. n-PFOS accounted for 93.0 ± 0.5% of Σ-PFOS isomer concentrations in the liver, whereas the proportion was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the blood (85.4 ± 0.5%). Branched isomers were quantifiable in the liver and blood, but not in the brain, muscle, or adipose. In both the liver and blood, 6-perfluoromethylheptane sulfonate (P6MHpS) was the dominant branched isomer (2.61 ± 0.10%, and 3.26 ± 0.13% of Σ-PFOS concentrations, respectively). No di-trifluoromethyl-substituted isomers were detectable in any of the tissues analyzed. These tissue-specific isomer patterns suggest isomer-specific pharmacokinetics, perhaps due to differences in protein affinities, and thus differences in protein interactions, as well transport, absorption, and/or metabolism in the body.     

好氧颗粒污泥耐受PFOS的结构稳定性及微生物响应

以好氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,通过全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)长期驯化实现耐PFOS颗粒的培养,考察不同驯化时期的污泥基本特性,并结合微生物群落演替过程、微生物表型分布以及功能途径的变化情况,以揭示其耐受机制.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥经历解体、再形成和成熟3个阶段后可在PFOS暴露下稳定维持.驯化成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥表面丝状菌减少,并且被大量胞外聚合物(EPS)所包裹,结构更加致密.驯化期间颗粒污泥中存在大量抗性细菌以及维持颗粒稳定相关细菌,主要包括unclassified＿f＿＿Comamonadaceae、Defluviicoccus、Dongia、Rhodoplanes、Flavobacterium、Thauera、Azospira、Candidatus＿Competibacter、Azoarcus和norank＿f＿＿A4b,且部分菌属间存在显著的正相关性.群体感应途径和细菌趋化途径相关基因丰度在解体期上调,在颗粒形成和成熟期恢复至初始水平,说明细菌的群体感应效应和趋化性能够在颗粒应激过程中起重要作用.因此,好氧颗粒污泥可以通过特定菌群积极响应、促进细菌趋化作用和群体感应作用、提高EPS...     

SDBS对重油在胶州湾沉积物上吸附行为的影响

采用批量定时取样法和批量平衡振荡法研究了人工海水介质中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）存在时,重油在胶州湾沉积物上的吸附行为.结果表明,重油在胶州湾沉积物上的吸附速率和吸附量均随SDBS初始浓度的增加而增大,吸附速率方程可以用伪二级动力学模型进行较好地描述,吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich吸附模型,...     

深圳地区全氟辛烷磺酸的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为研究

为探究全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)在深圳地区的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为,本研究利用LevelⅢ逸度模型,通过输入PFOS的物理化学性质参数和深圳地区环境参数,首先模拟计算了深圳地区大气、水体、土壤和沉积物中PFOS的含量并用实测数据进行验证,其次基于PFOS在各相间的迁移通量分析确定了其主要的迁移途径及归趋行为,最后对模型的输入参数和输出结果分别进行了灵敏度和不确定度分析.结果表明,大气、水体、土壤和沉积物中的PFOS模拟含量分别为1.4 pg·m~(-3)、7.0 ng·L~(-1)、0.39μg·kg~(-1)和0.11μg·kg~(-1),和实测结果较吻合.气相到土相、土相到水相和气相到水相的迁移量分别占PFOS相间总迁移量的32%、32%和5.8%,是PFOS相间的主要迁移途径,而PFOS随水体迁出是其从区域环境迁出的主要途径.大气和水体的平流输入速率、温度、PFOS的水溶性和降雨,以及土壤和沉积物的密度是影响模型输出结果的关键参数.不确定度分析结果则表明PFOS含量在水体中的变异系数最小而在土壤中的最大,这可能是由土壤易于变化的有机碳含量造成的.