农药施用对兴凯湖水中农药残留的影响及其风险评价

主要研究了中国东北兴凯湖周围水稻种植区域农药残留以及对湖水水质的影响.分别于水稻抽穗期和水稻成熟期在兴凯湖地区对稻田、排干和大小兴凯湖地表水进行采集并对27种农药及其降解产物进行分析.结果表明,在水稻抽穗期所分析的27种农药及其降解产物全部检出,总浓度范围为247.97~6 094.49 ng·L^-1;水稻成熟期检出25种,总浓度范围为485.36~796.23 ng·L^-1,两时期对比,抽穗期的农药及其降解产物检出数量更多且总浓度更高;在水稻抽穗期阿特拉津、西草净和多效唑为主要检出农药,在水稻成熟期阿特拉津和稻瘟灵为主要检出农药;大小兴凯湖水中农药的分布特征与排干水相似,表明大小兴凯湖水中农药及其降解产物很可能来源于稻田排干的输入;在排干和大小兴凯湖水中,阿特拉津、西草净、扑草净、丁草胺、稻瘟灵和草酮RQ均值大于0.1,对水生生物存在潜在生态风险.     

Evaluation of the impact of matrix effects in LC/MS measurement on the accurate quantification of neonicotinoid pesticides in food by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry

The use of isotope-labeled internal standards is the most widely accepted approach to overcome the matrix effects on quantification of pesticides in food by LC/MS. We evaluated the impact of the matrix effects on quantification of six neonicotinoid pesticides, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam, in food by using deuterated internal standards. The calibration curves for each pesticide were obtained by using matrix-free and matrix-matched calibration solutions with blank brown rice, carrot, and green onion extracts. For brown rice and carrot, the matrix effects were not observed. In contrast, the slopes of calibration curves for each pesticide were influenced by presence of green onion extracts in calibration solutions (variability of the slopes was 4–9%), because the ratios of peak area for native pesticide to those for internal standards were influenced by matrix. The spike-and-recovery test with green onion was also performed. The analytical values obtained by using matrix-free calibration solution were biased from the spiked concentration, whereas those obtained by using matrix-matched calibration solution were comparable to the spiked concentration. These results indicate that matrix-matched calibration solution should be used for accurate quantification of neonicotinoid pesticides in food by LC/MS using deuterated internal standards.     

基质固相分散-快速溶剂萃取-GC/MS法同时测定土壤中有机氯农药和多环芳烃

建立了基质固相分散-ASE提取-GC/MS法同时测定土壤中8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃的方法。对方法的线性、检出限、精密度、回收率及土壤质控样品进行了分析,结果表明,8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃线性良好,相关系数为0.997 5～0.999 8,方法检出限为0.39～1.57μg/kg,空白加标样品的相对标准偏差小于20%,实际土壤样品加标回收率为60.6%～125%,土壤质控样品结果均在范围内。该方法能够满足土壤中8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃的检测要求。     

西葫芦对土壤持久性有机氯化物污染的指示性研究

西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo L.)对土壤中持久性有机氯化物的超强吸收能力已被证实,意味其具有指示区域土壤持久性有机氯化物污染状况的潜能。本研究采用农田小区试验,考察了西葫芦不同组织器官(根、过渡茎、茎、叶和果实)在6个生长期对有机氯化物的累积吸收行为;采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法,分析了种植土壤及西葫芦各组织器官中的21种有机氯农药(OCPs)和18种多氯联苯(PCBs)。结果表明,西葫芦可将根吸收的OCPs和PCBs传递到过渡茎和茎。不同生长期采集的西葫芦根、过渡茎和茎中的OCPs和PCBs浓度基本稳定,无明显生物稀释效应,且此3个组织器官中OCPs和PCBs的分布模式与土壤中的分布模式基本一致。因此,可以用西葫芦根和茎中持久性有机氯化物的浓度指示土壤中持久性有机氯化物的污染水平,根和茎的采样时间可以不受西葫芦生长期的限制。     

简易、快速检测有机磷农药的酶片和生色基质片

研制出简易、快速检测有机磷农药的酶片和生色基质片。用胆碱酯酶抑制试验检测水中的有机磷农药,检测灵敏度在０．０１—１０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围,适宜温度在２５—３５℃之间,分析周期约为１５—２０ｍｉｎ。甲胺磷和水胺硫磷等硫代磷酸酯类农药经溴水活化后检测灵敏度也达上述水平。实际水样检测表明,检样中农药含量在检测灵敏度范围内时,阳性结果相当明显,溶液吸光度比值Ａ对照／Ａ检样＞２。由于检测时无需配制试剂和使用仪器,本法特别适宜于现场检测。     

High consumption of pesticides in agricultural fields leads to prevalence of cancer cases in rural pockets of eastern India: A case study

This study was performed to evaluate the carcinogenic health risk of pesticides used in agricultural field in rural pockets of eastern India. The analysis of pesticide residue in rice grain sample was performed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). It was observed that for pesticide DDT, the HR values was ranging between 0.5 to 3.2 and for lindane HR was 0.4 to 1.1, respectively. The DDT and Lindane exhibited HR values >1 in some sampling sites which revealed the carcinogenic effects and HR <1 in some sampling sites which revealed non carcinogenic effects of same pesticide. These results revealed a clear indication of potential carcinogenic health risk to human health through consumption of contaminated rice in some areas of Bargarh district. DDT has a long half-life, so it persists in the environment for a longer period of time and induces carcinogenic risk to human health predominantly than other pesticide lindane. A case study on cancer prevalence in Bargarh district was also carried out to support the findings of quantitative analysis. The primary data collected from the cancer affected area by personal questionnaires method to the person concern and the secondary data collected from the Bargarh District Head Quarters Hospital's register. The cancer death reported by the from the year 2015 to 2021 was 320, 380, 293, 323, 278, 409, 346 in the year of 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 respectively, with the total number of 2349 cases. From the questionnaire data, it was observed that the occurrence of male and female cancer cases was 51.75% and 48.25%, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that there was no significant difference in gender wise cancer prevalence. The most affected age group was 51–60, that is, 26.92% followed by 41–50, that is, 23.42%. Therefore, it was concluded that the middle-aged adults (40–60) were more vulnerable to the cancer than young adults (3–40) and old adults (60–100). The most prevalent cancer was breast (22.72%) followed by stomach (14.33%).     

A GIS model-based screening of potential contamination of soil and water by pyrethroids in Europe

The paper presents a geographic information system (GIS) model-based approach for analysis of potential contamination of soil and water by pyrethroids for the European continent. Pyrethroids are widely used pesticides and their chemical and toxicological characteristics suggest there may be concerns about human health and ecosystems, although so far there is no strong evidence indicating actual risk. However, little monitoring has been conducted and limited experimental information is available. We perform an assessment exercise that demonstrates how accessible information and GIS-based modeling allow to estimate the spatial distribution of chemical concentrations and fluxes at a screening level. The assessment highlights potential hot spots and the main environmental transport pathways, in a quick and simple way. By combining information on pesticide use, crop distribution and landscape and climate parameters we identify potential problem areas to help focusing monitoring campaigns. The approach presented here is simple and fast, and can be applied to virtually all pesticide classes used over a large domain, and is therefore suitable for the screening of large quantities of chemicals, of which the majority has not undergone any systematic environmental monitoring program. The method has been tested through benchmarking with other well-established models. However, further research is needed to evaluate it against experimental observations.     

The Use of Atmospheric Dispersion Models in Risk Assessment Decision Support Systems for Pesticides

In the evaluation of potentially adverse effects oforganic chemicals such as pesticides on theenvironment the atmosphere may play an important role.After its release to the atmosphere the chemical willbe transported/dispersed in the atmosphere and finallyit will be removed either by atmospheric-chemicaldestruction or by deposition to the underlying soil orsurface water. In a risk assessment decision supportsystem both ambient concentrations and depositionfluxes must be known to evaluate the risk of directexposure (inhalation) or the risk of soil and watercontamination caused by deposition. This paperdiscusses the use of atmospheric dispersion models insuch risk assessment decision support systems.     

ASE萃取-SPE净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱测定土壤中α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、P,P′-DDE、P,P′-DDD、O,P′-DDT、P,P′-DDT等8种有机氯农药的方法。在0μg／L～500μg／L范围内方法线性良好,8种有机氯农药的检出限在0．06μg／kg～0．21μg／kg之间,基质加标试验的相对标准偏差为2．2％～5．8％,回收率为81．5％～113％。     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.