FACTORS AFFECTING PESTICIDE OCCURRENCE AND TRANSPORT IN A LARGE MIDWESTERN RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Several factors affect the occurrence and transport of pesticides in surface waters of the 29,400 km² White River Basin in Indiana. A relationship was found between pesticide use and the average annual concentration of that pesticide in the White River, although this relationship varies for different classes of pesticides. About one percent of the mass applied of each of the commonly used agricultural herbicides was transported from the basin via the White River. Peak pesticide concentrations were typically highest in late spring or early summer and were associated with periods of runoff following application. Concentrations of diazinon were higher in an urban basin than in two agricultural basins, corresponding to the common use of this insecticide on lawns and gardens in urban areas. Concentrations of atrazine, a corn herbicide widely used in the White River Basin, were higher in an agricultural basin with permeable, well‐drained soils, than in an agricultural basin with less permeable, more poorly drained soils. Although use of butylate and cyanazine was comparable in the White River Basin between 1992 and 1994, concentrations in the White River of butylate, which is incorporated into soil, were substantially less than for cyanazine, which is typically applied to the soil surface.     

无锡鼋头渚夜鹭卵中有机氯农药残留及其环境指示意义

分析了太湖鼋头渚夜鹭卵中的有机氯农药残留情况,发现在禁用近20年后,HCH的异构体、DDT及其代谢物、异狄氏剂以及环氧七氯在夜鹭卵中都不有同程度的检出,其中β－HCH和p,p‘-DDE的残留水平和检出率均很高,p,p‘-DDE平均达到了0.906ug/g(干重）。研究发现无锡夜鹭卵中多数有机氯农药残留水平平均高于江西共青城地区的样品。无锡夜鹭卵孵化率较低。可能与DDE残留量较高有关。夜鹭卵中有机氯农药残留水平具有指示环境污染的意义。     

珠江澳门河口沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

以GC/ECD内标法定量测定了沉积物柱样品中有机氯农药含量 ,以便探讨柱样中有机氯农药的垂直变化特征及可能的来源 .样品采自珠江澳门河口 ,柱样以2 10 Pb同位素法定年 .定量测定结果表明以BHCs、DDTs总量计算时 ,样品中含量分别为 0 4 8～ 2 6 2 8ng/ g、1 92～ 39 1 3ng/ g .柱样中农药含量随深度变化和珠江口区的水域水流量随年份的变化有着很好的对应性 .有机氯农药主要是来源于施用农药长期风化后的土壤 .样品中DDTs的浓度超过了河口沉积物化学品风险评价最低值标准 .     

Organohalogen compounds in blubber of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) and spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) from Zanzibar, Tanzania

Blubber samples of Indo-Pacific bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus) and spinner (Stenella longirostris) dolphins from Zanzibar, East Africa, were analyzed for a wide range of organohalogen compounds. Methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs), presumably biogenic, were found at higher concentrations than anthropogenic organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Only traces of industrial pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, were detected. The OCP levels found off Zanzibar were lower than those reported from other regions while MeO-BDE levels were higher. The relative composition of the OCPs indicated recent use of lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) and aged residues of DDT and technical HCH. Placental transfer was estimated to 2.5% and 0.5% of the total burden of OCPs and MeO-BDEs, respectively. Overall transfer from mother to calf in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins was estimated to 72% and 85% for the OCPs and MeO-BDEs burdens, respectively. Health effects of MeO-BDEs are not known, but structural similarities with well-known environmental toxins are cause for concern.     

基于环境风险排序的流域优先污染物筛选

在流域生态环境治理中,确定治理水体的优先污染物是首先要考虑的问题.环境风险排序方法可利用污染物的毒性值与该污染的暴露浓度值的比值,快速对流域污染物进行风险排序,确定优先污染物.本文以有多年氟化工生产排放历史的大凌河为研究区域,分季节采集18个样点的水体表层样品,分析全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)以及8种常见重金属,并搜集有关当地物种生态毒性的文献资料,确定其优先污染物.结果发现,2011~2016年间,大凌河水体PFOS和PFOA的中位值浓度分别在0.77~3.57 ng·L~(-1)、82.93~344 ng·L~(-1)之间,参照英国水环境对人体健康的潜在风险值发现其均低于标准限值.重金属和有机氯农药的浓度均低于国家Ⅳ级标准,但Hg和As的最高浓度高于Ⅲ级标准.大凌河环境风险值范围为1.42×10-6~2.3×10-2,环境风险排序结果为CuZnAsp,p'-DDEp,p'-DDTCdPbHgPFOAγ-HCHCrNiα-HCHPFOS.PFOS和PFOA的环境风险排序较为靠后,说明不是该地区需要优先控制的污染物,但长期风险累积不可忽视.Cu是未来大凌河生态环境治理的优先污染物,应重点控制包括造纸厂在内的主要工业企业的生产排放行为.     

低温碱性熔体脱氯解毒农药废物及氯盐的富集

以二氯苯酚为代表,采用NaOH-KOH混盐熔体对农药废物进行脱氯解毒处理.研究了温度、碱料比、反应时间等参数对脱氯效率的影响.结果表明,当NaOH和KOH摩尔比为1：1时,混盐的熔点较低,脱氯效果最好.提高碱料比和反应时间可以明显提高脱氯效率,当碱料比为20,反应时间为180min,温度为200℃时,二氯苯酚的脱氯效率达到80.1%.采用多种手段对熔渣进行了分析,红外光谱显示二氯苯酚中的苯环和C-Cl键被破坏,形成了多种氧化中间体.X射线衍射图谱显示反应过程中生成的氯化氢有效保留在碱性熔体中形成氯盐并逐渐富集.     

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF IN‐FIELD,EDGE‐OF‐FIELD,AND AFTER‐FIELD BUFFERS1

This review summarizes how conservation benefits are maximized when in‐field and edge‐of‐field buffers are integrated with each other and with other conservation practices such as residue management and grade control structures. Buffers improve both surface and subsurface water quality. Soils under permanent buffer vegetation generally have higher organic carbon concentrations, higher infiltration capacities, and more active microbial populations than similar soils under annual cropping. Sediment can be trapped with rather narrow buffers, but extensive buffers are better at transforming dissolved pollutants. Buffers improve surface runoff water quality most efficiently when flows through them are slow, shallow, and diffuse. Vegetative barriers ‐ narrow strips of dense, erect grass ‐ can slow and spread concentrated runoff. Subsurface processing is best on shallow soils that provide increased hydrologic contact between the ground water plume and buffer vegetation. Vegetated ditches and constructed wetlands can act as “after‐field” conservation buffers, processing pollutants that escape from fields. For these buffers to function efficiently, it is critical that in‐field and edge‐of‐field practices limit peak runoff rate and sediment yield in order to maximize contact time with buffer vegetation and minimize the need for cleanout excavation that destroys vegetation and its processing capacity.     

WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF STORM WATER FROM MAJOR LAND USES IN SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Starting in 1998, a study was conducted to characterize storm water quality from predominant land use types in a coastal watershed along the south central coast of Florida, namely citrus, pasture, urban, natural wetland, row crop, dairy, and golf courses. Sixty‐three sampling sites were located at strategic points on drainage conveyances for each of seven specific land use areas. Runoff samples were collected following storm events that met defined rainfall criteria for a period of 30 months. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), heavy metals, pesticides, and other water quality parameters were determined, and the results were analyzed to compare and characterize land uses as relative sources for these constituents in runoff. Results showed that runoff from most land use types had low dissolved oxygen concentration and that sediment and nutrient concentrations were closely related to land use, particularly to the amount of fertilizer applied in each land use. Among the eight heavy metals tested, copper was the most frequently detected and was mostly associated with runoff from citrus and golf course land uses. High levels of arsenic were also detected in golf course runoff. The most frequently detected pesticide was simazine from citrus. The information and methodologies presented may facilitate pollution source characterization and ecological restoration efforts.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

REGIONAL PATTERNS OF PESTICIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE WATERS OF NEW YORK IN 19971

ABSTRACT: The predominant mixtures of pesticides found in New York surface waters consist of five principal components. First, herbicides commonly used on corn (atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, cyanazine) and a herbicide degradate (deethylatrazine) were positively correlated to a corn‐herbicide component, and watersheds with the highest corn‐herbicide component scores were those in which large amounts of row crops are grown. Second, two insecticides (diazinon and carbaryl) and one herbicide (prometon) widely used in urban and residential settings were positively correlated to an urban/residential component. Watersheds with the highest urban/residential component scores were those with large amounts of urban and residential land use. A third component was related to two herbicides (EPTC and cyanazine) used on dry beans and corn, the fourth to an herbicide (simazine) and an insecticide (carbaryl) commonly used in orchards and vineyards, and the fifth to an herbicide (DCPA). Results of this study indicate that this approach can be used to: (1) identify common mixtures of pesticides in surface waters, (2) relate these mixtures to land use and pesticide applications, and (3) indicate regions where these mixtures of pesticides are commonly found.