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101.
Anhydrosugars, such as levoglucosan and its isomers (mannosan, galactosan), as well as the solvent-extractable lignin phenols (methoxylated phenols) are thermal degradation products of cellulose/hemicellulose and lignin, respectively. These two groups of biomarkers are often used as unique tracers of combusted biomass inputs in diverse environmental media. However, detailed characterization of the relative proportion and signatures of these compounds in highly heterogeneous plant-derived chars are still scarce. Here we conducted a systematic study to investigate the yields of solvent-extractable anhydrosugars and lignin phenols in 25 lab-made chars produced from different plant materials under different combustion conditions. Solvent-extractable anhydrosugars and lignin phenols were only observed in chars formed below 350 °C and yields were variable across different combustion temperatures. The yields of mannosan (M) and galactosan (G) decreased more rapidly than those of levoglucosan (L) under increasing combustion severity (temperature and duration), resulting in variable L/M and L/(M + G) ratios, two diagnostic ratios often used for identification of combustion sources (e.g. hardwoods vs. softwoods vs. grasses). Our observations thus may provide an explanation for the wide ranges of values reported in the literature for these two ratios. On the other hand, the results of this study suggest that the ratios of the major solvent-extractable lignin phenols (vanillyls (V), syringyls (S), cinnamyls (C)) provide additional source reconstruction potential despite observed variations with combustion temperature. We thus propose using a property-property plot (L/M vs. S/V) as an improved means for source characterization of biomass combustion residues. The L/M-S/V plot has shown to be effective in environmental samples (soil organic matter, atmospheric aerosols) receiving substantial inputs of biomass combustion residues. 相似文献
102.
利用贝叶斯统计方法构建了基于区间活性数据的取代苯胺和苯酚类化合物对大型溞(Daphniamagna)24 h急性毒性的定量结构-活性关系模型,并与基于平均数和中位数的点估计活性数据的定量结构-活性关系模型进行了比较.结果表明,前者可以充分利用化合物的活性数据信息,模型具有更好的拟合效果与预测能力以及较宽的应用范围.基于区间活性数据的定量结构-活性关系模型可为生态风险评价等提供更加可靠的预测数据. 相似文献
103.
酚类化合物对金鱼幼鱼的雌激素效应研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用金鱼(Carassius auratus)幼鱼的卵黄蛋白原(VTG)作为雌激素污染的生物标志物,评价了几种酚类化合物的雌激素效应.实验表明鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)VTG多克隆抗体对金鱼VTG有可识别性以及肝脏匀浆法检测金鱼体内VTG的可行性,并用酶联免疫吸附法半定量地测定了几种重要酚类物质的雌激素效应.试验结果为:半静态暴露15 d后,己烯雌酚、辛基酚、壬基酚、叔丁基试验组金鱼体内VTG均有较为明显增加;五氯酚组稍有增长,四氯酚和三氯酚与空白组无明显区别;受试化学物质雌激素效应的相对强弱为:己烯雌酚>辛基酚>壬基酚>叔丁基酚>五氯酚. 相似文献
104.
环境介质中挥发酚的监测技术现状与展望 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
挥发酚是一类重要环境优先污染物,严重危害生态环境和人体健康。文章综述挥发酚的分光光度法、紫外分光光度法、荧光分光光度法、气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、流动注射分析法等检测方法的原理及应用,并展望挥发酚监测技术的研究趋势和前景。 相似文献
105.
Qiong Wu Xinghui Xi Xinli Mou Baotong Zhu Pujun Zhao Haiyang Dong 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(12):2369-2378
Climate change is supposed to have influences on water quality and ecosystem. However, only few studies have assessed the effect of climate change on environmental toxic contaminants in urban lakes. In this research, response of several toxic contaminants in twelve urban lakes in Beijing, China, to the seasonal variations in climatic factors was studied. Fluorides, volatile phenols, arsenic, selenium, and other water quality parameters were analyzed monthly from2009 to 2012. Multivariate statistical methods including principle component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relationship between contaminants and climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Fluoride and arsenic concentrations in most urban lakes exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature/precipitation, which is mainly caused by rainfall induced diffuse pollution. A negative correlation was observed between volatile phenols and temperature/precipitation, and this could be explained by their enhanced volatilization and biodegradation rates caused by higher temperature. Selenium did not show a significant response to climatic factor variations, which was attributed to low selenium contents in the lakes and soils. Moreover, the response degrees of contaminants to climatic variations differ among lakes with different contamination levels. On average, temperature/precipitation contributed to 8%, 15%, and 12% of the variations in volatile phenols, arsenic, and fluorides,respectively. Beijing is undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency during the past five decades. This study suggests that water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes in Beijing is becoming worse under this climate change trend. 相似文献
106.
Morville S Scheyer A Mirabel P Millet M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(2):83-89
Goal, Scope and Background Atmospheric sampling (gas and particles) of 5 phenols (phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, pentachlorophenol) and 15 nitrophenols
(3-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-3nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol,
2,6-dinitrophenol, bromoxynil, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ioxynil, DNOC, 3,4-dinitrophenol,
dinoseb) on XAD-2 resin (20 gr) and glass fibre filters, respectively, were performed in 2002 by using 'Digitel DA80' high
volume samplers. These measurements were undertaken in order to show spatial and geographical variations of concentrations
and the role of traffic in the emissions of these compounds to the atmosphere.
Methods Sampling were performed in Strasbourg (eastern France), in its vicinity (Schiltigheim) and in Erstein. Sites were chosen
to be representative of urban (Strasbourg), suburban (Schiltigheim) and rural (Erstein) conditions. Field campaigns were undertaken
simultaneously in urban and suburban sites during all the seasons during 4 hours at a flow rate of 60 m3.h-1, which gives
a total of 240 m3 of air per sample. Period of sampling varied between 06h00 to 10h00, 11h00 to 15h00 and 18h00 to 22h00 in
order to evaluate a variation of concentration during automobile traffic between urban, suburban and rural areas. Gas and
particle samples were separately Soxhlet extracted for 12 h with a mixture of CH2Cl2 / n-hexane (50:50 v/v), concentrated
to about 1 mL with a rotary evaporated and finally dried under nitrogen. Dry extracts were dissolved in 1 mL of CH3CN. Before
analysis, extracts were sylilated by using MTBSTFA. Analysis was performed by GC/MSD in the SIM mode.
Results and Discussion Partitioning of phenolic compounds between gas and particle phases seems to be mainly correlated with vapour pressure. Among
phenolic compounds analysed, phenol, p-cresol, pentachlorophenol and 2.4-dinitrophenol were detected in all samples and emissions
from traffic seems to be the major source for the presence of these compounds to the atmosphere. No increase of concentrations
in autumn tend to confirm this hypothesis since, with the use of domestic heating in colder months, increases of PAHs concentrations
were observed and these compounds are known to be emitted by all combustion processes.
Pentachlorophenol is a special case since this molecule is only used as wood preservative. Its presence in all atmospheric
samples, whatever the locations and the period of time is the consequence of its persistence.
Conclusions and Perspectives These measurements demonstrate that phenols and nitrophenols are emitted to the atmosphere and further measurements, in order
to confirm their sources, their behaviour and their potential impact to the air quality and to human health should be undertaken
especially since the literature collected is relatively old. Concentrations of pentachlorophenol measured are very low and,
due to its toxicity, further investigations should be undertaken.
- * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August
to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France. 相似文献
107.
5种取代酚化合物对淡水发光菌的联合毒性 总被引:22,自引:7,他引:22
以新型淡水发光菌——青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensissp.—Q67)为检验生物,以VeritasTM微孔板光度计为发光强度测试设备,分别测定了3,5-二羟基甲苯、2,3-二甲基苯酚、对氯苯酚、邻氯苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚对淡水发光菌的发光抑制毒性及其混合物的联合毒性.结果表明,5种取代酚的剂量-效应关系都可用Weibull模型有效描述,从这些模型估算的半数效应浓度负对数值(-logEC50)分别为2.69、3.08、3.43、2.81和3.66,可知其对发光菌的毒性大小顺序为:2,4-二氯苯酚>对氯苯酚>2,3-二甲基苯酚>邻氯苯酚>3,5-二羟基甲苯.分别设计浓度等于各自之EC50和EC10的2个等效应浓度比混合物以及3个不同效应浓度比混合物进行联合毒性实验,结果发现,在所实验的浓度范围内各个混合物的剂量加和(DA)模型与独立作用(IA)模型具有相似的作用规律,其联合毒性既可用DA模型也可用IA模型进行预测. 相似文献