Phytoremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, anilines and phenols

Phytoremediation technologies based on the combined action of plants and the microbial communities that they support within the rhizosphere hold promise in the remediation of land and waterways contaminated with hydrocarbons but they have not yet been adopted in large-scale remediation strategies. In this review plant and microbial degradative capacities, viewed as a continuum, have been dissected in order to identify where bottle-necks and limitations exist. Phenols, anilines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were selected as the target classes of molecule for consideration, in part because of their common patterns of distribution, but also because of the urgent need to develop techniques to overcome their toxicity to human health. Depending on the chemical and physical properties of the pollutant, the emerging picture suggests that plants will draw pollutants including PAHs into the plant rhizosphere to varying extents via the transpiration stream. Mycorrhizosphere-bacteria and -fungi may play a crucial role in establishing plants in degraded ecosystems. Within the rhizosphere, microbial degradative activities prevail in order to extract energy and carbon skeletons from the pollutants for microbial cell growth. There has been little systematic analysis of the changing dynamics of pollutant degradation within the rhizosphere; however, the importance of plants in supplying oxygen and nutrients to the rhizosphere via fine roots, and of the beneficial effect of microorganisms on plant root growth is stressed. In addition to their role in supporting rhizospheric degradative activities, plants may possess a limited capacity to transport some of the more mobile pollutants into roots and shoots via fine roots. In those situations where uptake does occur (i.e. only limited microbial activity in the rhizosphere) there is good evidence that the pollutant may be metabolised. However, plant uptake is frequently associated with the inhibition of plant growth and an increasing tendency to oxidant stress. Pollutant tolerance seems to correlate with the ability to deposit large quantities of pollutant metabolites in the 'bound' residue fraction of plant cell walls compared to the vacuole. In this regard, particular attention is paid to the activities of peroxidases, laccases, cytochromes P450, glucosyltransferases and ABC transporters. However, despite the seemingly large diversity of these proteins, direct proof of their participation in the metabolism of industrial aromatic pollutants is surprisingly scarce and little is known about their control in the overall metabolic scheme. Little is known about the bioavailability of bound metabolites; however, there may be a need to prevent their movement into wildlife food chains. In this regard, the application to harvested plants of composting techniques based on the degradative capacity of white-rot fungi merits attention.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定废水中的酚类化合物

建立了Supelclean ENVI-Chrom P柱固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定废水中11种酚类化合物的分析方法,并对固相萃取条件和液相色谱条件进行了讨论。该方法分离效果良好,净化效果明显,方法检出限为2×10-3~2×10-2mg/L,平行分析(n=6)的RSD为2.7%~16.4%,废水加标回收率除2,4-二硝基酚偏低以外,其他化合物的回收率为61.4%~115.8%。     

高效液相色谱法测定水中微量酚

本文报道了水中11种微量酚的高效液相色谱测定方法。用氯化四丁基按作为阳离子对萃取剂。二氯甲烷章取水中微量酚，除本酚外，水中10种微量酚的回收率大于90％。用MicropakMCH－5色谱柱，醋酸—水—乙睛流动相，uv254um和280um双波长检测，流速1ml／min下，对水中11种微量酚进行了分离和定量、11种酚的检测极限是0.1mg／L～1.26mg／L；检测范围为0.1mg／L～7mg／L。对2—甲基—4，6—二硝基酚的峰高与浓度进行了线性回归，γ＝0.9993；该法适用于水中11种微量酚的同时测定。     

连续流动分析仪法快速测定水中挥发酚的研究

通过连续流动分析仪测定水中挥发酚并与传统手工比色法进行一系列的对比实验研究，结果表明连续流动分析仪测定水中挥发酚具有高灵敏度、高精密度、高准确度、分析速度快、不使用大量有机试剂的特点，并且在实际环境样品的分析中也得到了满意的测定结果，能满足大批量的环境样品的快速分析。     

锰矿砂对取代酚的光氧化作用研究

研究了不同条件下锰矿砂对４种取代酚的光氧化作用。结果表明，ｐＨ＝３．１０±０．０４时，苯酚、对氯苯酚、对氨基酚及对苯二酚均能被锰矿砂光催化氧化。低ｐＨ值，适当的苯酚初始浓度及适当的锰矿砂浓度有利于锰矿砂对取代酚的氧化；离子强度和溶解氧浓度不影响反应速度。对其可能的机理及取代基效应进行了讨论。     

反萃取双波长光度法测定水中微量酚类和芳胺

研究了乙醚萃取,１０％ＮａＯＨ溶液和１０％ＨＣｌ溶液反萃取,４－氨基安替吡啉（４－ＡＡＰ）双波长光度法同时测定污水中酚类和芳胺含量的分析方法。提高了测定灵敏度,有效地消作多种干扰物质的干扰,可测定０．００３－６．０ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１的酚类和０．０００８－０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１的芳胺加标回收率,苯酚１０１％￣１０８％,苯胺９６％￣１０７％。酚类测定与国标的相对误差≤６．５％,芳胺类测定结果与相应国标法的误     

镀铜铁内电解预处理含酚废水的研究

采用镀铜铁内电解法对焦化含酚废水进行预处理,其酚类去除率比传统的铁炭内电解、铁铜内电解高,60min去除率可达71.45%。探讨了pH值、镀铜量、镀铜铁的投加量以及处理时间对处理效果的影响。连续进水小试试验出水水质稳定,酚类去除率在50%左右,不会引起板结问题。     

取代苯酚对人体外周血淋巴细胞的遗传毒性及定量结构关系

应用人体外周血淋巴细胞微核试验测定了29种取代苯酚类化合物的遗传毒性(72h-lgMN20),并对此类化合物的遗传毒性大小进行了分析比较,同时构建了遗传毒性与分子结构参数之间的QSAR 模型.结果表明,29种取代苯酚类化合物都显著地导致了微核的产生,具有明显的遗传毒性;遗传毒性大小与取代官能团及官能团位置存在一定的规律;遗传毒性的大小与分子结构参数溶剂连接性指数(X2SOL)、自由基信息参数(ICR)、零阶平均分子连接性指数(X0A)及修正指数(LOP)之间存在良好的结构-活性相关关系,所建模型的相关系数r2= 0.816,可以用于定量评估其它取代苯酚类化合物的遗传毒性.     

单歧藻对烷基酚类化合物的生物降解性及QSBR研究

以单歧藻为主要微生物源,用二级反应动力学方程拟合8种烷基酚类化合物的生物降解动力学过程,得到它们在藻中的生物降解速率常数K.采用Mopac软件PM3法及文献资料计算了化合物的多种理化参数,应用SPSS统计软件做回归分析,对1gK进行了结构-生物降解性(QSBR)的研究.结果表明,疏水性参数lgK_ow,分子量M_w,一级价键连接指数1Xv,二级价键连接指数2Xv,生成热△H_f和分子偶极距μ能够较好地拟合烷基酚类化合物的生物降解速率,其中2Xv拟合效果最好.在此基础上,初步分析了烷基酚类化合物的生物降解机理,认为空间参数是决定其生物降解的主要因素,化合物的生成热和电性参数μ,E_homo的影响也不可忽视.      

Sources and distribution of sedimentary organic matter along the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas

In this study, lignin-derived phenols were used to determine the sources and distribution of sedimentary organic matter along the northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea of the Arctic Ocean. The lignin parameter syringyl/vanillyl (S/V) and cinnamyl/vanillyl (C/V) ratios are used to indicate vegetation sources; and the ratios of vanillic acid/vanillin, (Ad/Al)v and syringic acid/syringaldehyde, (Ad/Al)s are used as indicators of lignin diagenesis. Results showed the predominance of woody gymnosperm signal at the easternmost location in the northern Bering Sea, a mixture of refractory non-woody angiosperm and fresher gymnosperm tissues in the Chukchi Sea, and signal of fresher woody gymnosperm tissues in the northernmost locations in the Chukchi Sea. The lignin materials showed gradual increase in decomposition stage during transport along the northern Bering Sea. Hydrodynamic sorting process, which is the retention of coarser materials nearshore and transportation of finer particles farther offshore, most probably occurred along the east coast of the northern Bering Sea. In Chukchi Sea, the non-woody angiosperm tissues could have originated from the Canadian Arctic and gymnosperm tissues could be from the Russian Arctic side. The fresher materials in the northernmost Chukchi Sea could have been transported here via the ice-rafting process. Detection of fresh lignin materials and the occurrence of lignin decomposition mean that this region could be sensitive to the impact of climate change.