内蒙古四种牧草对土壤中汞富集能力与生理响应

随着内蒙古就地煤电转化发展方式的推行,周边土壤中来自大气汞沉降逐步加剧。为了解牧草对汞的富集能力与耐性机理,选取内蒙古草场常见四种牧草:羊草、紫花苜蓿、披碱草和高羊茅进行研究。通过野外汞沉降模拟试验及汞胁迫盆栽种植试验,分别测定土壤、牧草中的总汞含量及牧草的生理生化值,分析被试牧草汞含量与土壤汞含量相关性。供试土壤为砂土,pH在7.43—8.53,当土壤中汞含量不高于1.0 mg?kg~(-1)时,四种牧草富集系数皆大于1。结果表明:不同牧草对汞富集能力不同并且会受土壤中汞含量影响,牧草对汞的富集系数随汞胁迫浓度增高而逐渐下降,汞胁迫下牧草细胞膜脂过氧化程度提高,牧草通过提高抗氧化酶酶活、脯氨酸含量调节细胞是其耐受汞的重要机理。     

渭河陕西段沉积物中总磷、总氮时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

为探究沉积物中总磷、总氮的时空分布特征及其影响因素,以渭河陕西段5个研究点为例,分别于2013年夏季(6月)和冬季(12月)进行两次采样,通过野外实验对水温、p H、电导率、溶解氧、流速等环境因子的测定,结合室内实验对沉积物中总磷、总氮含量的测定和粒度分析,研究沉积物中总磷、总氮的时空分布特征,以及各环境因子与其相关性.结果表明,大多数研究点沉积物中总磷、总氮含量在垂向上呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势;在季节上呈现夏季含量高于冬季含量的趋势,其中各研究点夏季沉积物中总磷含量平均值为15.79 g·kg-1,总氮含量平均值为5.50 g·kg-1,而冬季沉积物中总磷含量平均值为5.91 g·kg-1,总氮含量平均值为2.46 g·kg-1;通过沉积物氮、磷元素含量与各环境因子的相关性分析,发现影响沉积物中总磷、总氮含量的环境因子主要有温度、p H、电导率和溶解氧.     

外生菌根对欧洲赤松苗(Pinussylvestris)Cu、Zn积累和分配的影响

通过测定２种不同施锌和施铜水平下苗木和离体菌丝中铜锌含量研究了接种外生菌根（Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓｂｏｖｉｎｕｓ）对欧洲赤松（Ｐｉ－ｎｕｓｓｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓ）苗生长和微量元素积累和分配的影响． 结果表明菌丝的侵染增加了苗木生长同时也增加了植物体内重金属的含量．然而菌根植物中的重金属大部分分布在根部在铜处理中菌根植物地下部分的铜含量是无菌根植物的２．６倍在锌处理中锌是无菌根植物的１．３ 倍． 说明菌丝侵染使植物将过量的重金属滞留在根部从而增加了植物对过量重金属的抗性．通过进一步测定培养在过量重金属中的离体菌丝的重金属含量结果显示随着外界重金属浓度的增加菌丝分泌物内重金属含量比菌丝内重金属含量增加快说明滞留在根部的重金属可能并没有进入根系而是以某种形态滞留在菌丝分泌物和菌丝内．     

森林植被对积雪分配及其消融影响研究综述

积雪和融雪作为对北方流域水文与生态具有贡献意义的两个地表过程,与森林植被有着十分紧密的联系。森林植被通过地表遮荫、林冠截留、改变风场格局等方式来改变林区地表积雪分配格局,同时可通过改变林区太阳辐射收支平衡、地表粗糙程度等影响地表融雪速率及其时空分异。在分析积、融雪变量与森林植被相互关系以及总结国内外研究现状的基础上,从林冠几何、林木空间分布、植被类型、森林经营活动等方面归纳了影响积雪分配及其消融速率的主要因素,概括了当前研究面临的主要问题,并提出未来研究的方向和重点。以期为今后林雪关系、雪水文过程研究提供有力参考。     

不同作物对土壤中Cd的富集特征及低累积品种筛选

为探究镉(Cd)污染土壤中农作物的食用安全性,以上海市常见农作物(青椒、黄瓜、豇豆、菠菜、花菜、西红柿、水稻和小麦)为实验材料,采用温室盆栽土培实验方法研究了不同土壤Cd含量梯级(0. 23、0. 6、1. 2、1. 8、2. 4和3. 0 mg·kg-1)下不同作物生物量变化以及可食部分Cd富集特征,建立不同种类作物与土壤Cd含量相关关系,探讨不同作物对应的土壤Cd安全限量值,筛选Cd低累积作物品种.结果表明:①随着土壤中Cd含量增加,作物地上生物量表现为先增加后减少,青椒耐受性最强,西红柿、菠菜耐受性最差.②不同作物可食部位Cd的富集系数由大到小依次为小麦菠菜水稻青椒花菜西红柿黄瓜豇豆.③作物可食部分Cd含量与土壤中Cd含量都呈显著正相关(P 0. 05),相关系数大小依次为菠菜小麦西红柿黄瓜青椒水稻花菜豇豆.④不同作物对应的土壤Cd安全限量值大小依次为:豇豆黄瓜花菜青椒西红柿水稻菠菜小麦.依据作物对土壤中Cd的耐受性、富集能力及食用安全限量值,筛选出黄瓜、豇豆、花菜为Cd低累积品种.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

苏州古城区域河道碳氮磷类污染物的分布特征

苏州是水质型缺水城市,节水、减排、控源和截污等工程实施后,水质问题依然严峻.为了解苏州古城区域河道中碳氮磷类污染物的总量及分布特征,提出河道疏浚决策依据,于2019年春季在苏州古城区域采集了20个代表性断面的河道底泥和水体样品,测定了河道底泥的深度,分析了河道底泥和水体样品中碳氮磷类污染指标的含量,评价了河道底泥和水体的污染程度,并预测了换水、引水、降雨和疏浚情境下水质的变化.结果表明,苏州古城区域河道底泥深度在22~1025 mm之间（均值为266 mm）,底泥总质量约为5.2×10⁵ t.底泥中总有机碳、总氮、氨氮、总磷和有效磷平均含量分别为3.4%、2074 mg·kg^-1、140.2 mg·kg^-1、1765 mg·kg^-1和57.2 mg·kg^-1,属中度污染,总磷含量超标点超过90%,环城河污染程度最高,建议优先疏浚.水体中总有机碳、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、总氮、氨氮、凯氏氮、总磷和磷酸盐平均浓度分别为7.8、0.6、13.1、2.5、0.643、1.3、0.18和0.09 mg·L^-1,属重度污染,为劣V类地表水,总氮浓度严重超标.基于沿程碳氮磷类污染物总量的分布情况,苏州古城区域河道疏浚推荐顺序为环城河、古城北部河道、干将河和古城南部河道.降雨情景下,初期径流污染物浓度高,将导致河道水质急剧下降;换水和引水情境下水中总氮总量均减少0.2 t,完全疏浚后水中总氮总量分别进一步减少4.58 t和2.19 t.底泥磷以外源输入为主,可受纳部分水体中的磷,故疏浚后,水体中总磷总量可能增加.     

反硝化除磷污泥聚集体内原位除磷活性及有机物浓度的影响

以SBR系统反硝化除磷污泥为对象,利用氧化还原电位、溶解氧和磷酸盐微电极定量研究了污泥聚集体内除磷菌的原位除磷活性及有机物浓度的影响.结果发现,厌氧初期污泥聚集体内最大净体积释磷速率为3.29mg·（cm³·h）^-1,是缺氧初期最大净体积吸磷速率的3倍左右;厌氧末期释磷速率明显降低,最大净体积释磷速率仅为厌氧初期的一半.在缺氧末期,最大净体积吸磷速率降至0.14mg·（cm³·h）^-1,且在1800 μm以下深层区域发生了"二次释磷"现象.随着COD浓度由350 mg·L^-1降至250 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1,反硝化除磷菌的最大净体积释磷速率由3.27 mg·（cm³·h）^-1降至2.44 mg·（cm³·h）^-1和2.01 mg·（cm³·h）^-1,且快速吸磷区域整体向污泥聚集体表层收窄.     

Decomposition and phosphorus release from four di erent size fractions of Microcystis spp. taken from Lake Taihu, China

Decomposition of Microcystis is accompanied by the release of phosphorus, during bacteria play an important role. A series of experiments were undertaken to evaluate the e ect of bacteria on the decomposition of Microcystis taken from Lake Taihu, China, a lake that is su ering from dense Microcystis blooms. The 16 experiments involved four size fractions of colonial Microcystis with or without the addition of lake sediment and Gram-negative bacterial inhibitor NaN3. The highest decomposition rates were recorded for the smallest size Microcystis fraction (< 25 m) with the addition of the sediment. The lowest decomposition rates were recorded for the smallest Microcystis fraction without the sediment, but with the addition of Gram-negative bacterial inhibitor NaN3. The higher decomposition rates in the treatments with NaN3 and sediment suggest that Gram-positive bacteria in the sediment are important for the decomposition process. Additionally, higher concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in the treatments with NaN3 suggest that more phosphorus accumulates in the Gram-negative bacterial cells around the colony, which may be an important source of phosphorus for Microcystis cells. In the no-sediment treatments, the ratios of TDP concentration to initial TP concentration were 64%–82%. The results of this experiment suggest that both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria play an important role in the decomposition of Microcystis cells and the release of phosphorus from Microcystis colonies.     

苦草（Vallisneria natans）根系对沉积物中各形态磷的影响

采用磷分级提取的方法研究苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长过程中根系分布与沉积物不同形态磷和总磷的变化过程.在实验开始后20、50、80 d,分别测定苦草根系在沉积物的分布及沉积物中各形态磷的垂直变化.结果表明,苦草根系在实验装置中垂直分布在0~14 cm区域内.平均每株苦草根系根数为58条,平均根长为5.86 cm.苦草根系生物量在沉积物深度0~3、4~6、7~10、11~14 cm分配的质量分数分别为45.99%、32.75%、16.03%、5.23%.沉积物中总磷(TP),NaOH提取磷(NaOH-P)和有机磷(OP)含量在苦草根系分布集中区域内显著降低(P<0.05).HCl提取磷(HCl-P)和无机磷(IP)的含量无显著差异(P>0.05).