磷酸钙沉淀法去除猪场废水中磷的实验研究

以模拟猪场废水为处理对象,进行了磷酸钙沉淀除磷小试实验,考察了pH值、不同初始n(Ca)/n(P)、CO<'2-><,3>、Mg<'2+>以及CO<'2-><,3>和Mg<'2+>共存对磷酸钙沉淀反应的影响;利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对沉淀产物进行了表征.结果表明,在溶液pH=8.0和初始n(Ca)/n(P)=3.33...     

底泥扰动对上覆水中磷形态分布的影响

通过室内试验模拟底泥受持续和间歇扰动的过程.探讨了扰动作用对上覆水中不同形态磷分布的影响.结果表明,持续扰动和间歇扰动显著促进了上覆水中的溶解态磷向底泥迁移.持续扰动与间歇扰动作用下,上覆水中溶解性无机磷(DIP)分别在第6h和第24h达到平衡状态,为0.014mg.L-1和0.015mg.L-1.显著低于对照试验(0.04mg.L-1);而溶解性总磷(DTP)则在第6h和第48h达到平衡状态,为0.047mg·L-1和0.045mg.L-1,显著低于对照试验(0.065mg.L-1).持续扰动促进了颗粒态磷(PC)的释放,扰动6h后,PP达到最大值(9.18mg·L-1).随后下降.第24h后,PP稳定在2.18mg·L-1左右;而间歇扰动作用下,第2h,PP达到最大值(2mg·L-1),随后下降,第96h后,PP稳定在0.093mg·L-1左右.扰动作用下,TP的变化规律与PP一致.与初始状态相比,持续扰动和间歇扰动作用下,DIP/DTP、DIP/TP、DTP/TP显著下降,而上述该值在对照试验中则基本保持不变,说明扰动导致的底泥再悬浮有利于降低上覆水中溶解态磷的含量.     

水生植物对不同富营养化程度水体净化能力研究

为不同富营养化程度水体筛选出净化能力强的植物种类,文章采用模拟人工湿地系统处理人工配制污水的方法,以7d为一个采样周期,比较了5种植物(满江红、槐叶萍、四叶萍、黑藻和慈姑)在轻度、中度和重度富营养水体中TN、TP、NH4+-N去除能力.实验结果表明:5种植物处理能力随着富营养程度提高而增大.在重度富营养条件下,处理能力...     

Historical trends of heavy metal contamination and their sources in lacustrine sediment from Xijiu Lake, Taihu Lake Catchment, China

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in Xijiu Lake sediment from the Taihu Lake catchment, China, were analyzed. Their contamination state was investigated based on the geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors. Statistical analysis was used to differentiate the anthropogenic versus natural sources of heavy metals (HMs), and the anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantify anthropogenic contribution to HMs. The results indicated that the lake sediment had been heavily contaminated by Cd, enrichment of Zn and Hg was at a relatively high level, while that of Cu and Pb was in the lower-to-moderate level and Cr was in the low enrichment level. Sources of Cr in the sediment were mainly from natural inputs, while other metals, especially Cd, were predominantly derived from anthropogenic sources. In the past century, anthropogenic accumulation fluxes of Pb, Zn and Hg increased by 0.1-47.3 mg/(cm².yr), 2.4-398.1 mg/(cm².yr), and 3.7-110.3 ng/(m².yr), respectively, accounting for most inputs of HMs entering the sediment. The contamination state of HMs varied with industrial development of the catchment, which demonstrated that contamination started in the early 20th century, reached the maximal level between the mid-1970s and mid-1990s, and decreased a little after the implementation of constraints on high contamination industries, although the contamination of some HMs, such as Cd, Zn and Hg, is still at high levels.     

一体化生物除磷脱氮技术--反硝化除磷

介绍了一种高效、节能的生物除磷脱氮技术-反硝化除磷。通过与传统生物除磷技术的比较,总结反硝化除磷的机理、影响因素并探讨它在脱氮好氧颗粒污泥中的应用。     

畜禽粪便污染负荷及风险评估——以杭州市为例

针对规模化畜禽养殖业发达地区畜禽粪便引发的重金属和可溶性盐污染负荷重等问题,以杭州市为例,分析了杭州市各区县由畜禽粪便引起的氮、磷污染负荷.同时,通过空间分析与基于土壤盐分和重金属累积模型的模拟预警分析,评估了畜禽粪便农用过程中对温室土壤次生盐渍化和重金属累积的潜在影响.结果表明,杭州市畜禽粪便氮磷污染负荷分布不均,以...     

磷对混养反硝化污泥活性和微生物群落结构的影响

生物反硝化脱氮是现在最广泛使用的去除水中NO-3-N的方法之一,混养反硝化因其综合了异养和自养反硝化的共同特性而引人关注.本实验探究添加一定量无机磷前后反硝化污泥活性及其微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,混养反硝化污泥在无磷供给时也能进行反硝化反应,但磷的添加可显著提高其生物量和反硝化活性,反硝化污泥的异养反硝化活性明显高于自养部分,添加无机磷之后,自养和异养反硝化速率(以N/VSS计)分别可达0.056 mg·(L·min·g)-1和0.232mg·(L·min·g)-1,分别为加磷前的2.9和3.9倍.此外,微生物群落分析表明,投加磷之后混养污泥中反硝化菌占比显著增加,从13.47%增加到44.82%;优势菌属发生显著变化,添加无机磷使自养、异养以及兼性反硝化菌的生长均得到有效促进.     

外源锌刺激下水稻对土壤镉的累积效应

采用水稻盆栽实验研究不同含量外源Zn对模拟Cd中度污染和重度污染土壤中水稻低累积品种湘晚籼12和高累积品种威优46水稻各部位累积Cd的影响.结果表明,在Cd中度污染水平,外源Zn分别增大2种水稻各部位Cd含量,湘晚籼12和威优46糙米Cd含量分别增加125.0%~275.0%和6.6%~91.2%,但各处理糙米Cd含量不高于0.2 mg·kg~(-1);在Cd重度污染水平,外源Zn有降低水稻各部位中Cd含量的作用,湘晚籼12和威优46糙米Cd含量相应降低了16.6%~63.5%和15.6%~74.4%,且威优46糙米Cd含量随外源Zn施用含量的增大而逐渐降低,使得糙米中Cd含量低于0.2 mg·kg~(-1).水稻糙米累积Cd含量与土壤中Cd、Zn交换态含量的相关关系,因Cd污染程度和水稻品种的不同而不同.在Cd中度污染水平,湘晚籼12水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Zn含量正线性相关,而威优46水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Cd和Zn含量正线性相关;在Cd重度污染水平,威优46水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤中交换态Cd和Zn含量为负线性相关.在不造成土壤Zn污染的前提下,可向Cd重度污染土壤施用一定量的Zn肥,以降低糙米Cd含量,提高糙米品质.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

智能化控制SBBR处理不同C/N城市污水脱氮除磷性能研究

采用自主研发的智能化控制系统,以智能化控制的运行方式使序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)形成交替运行的好氧-缺氧环境,对不同C/N人工模拟城市污水进行了脱氮磷实验研究.该实验中控制反应器内水温为25℃±1℃,曝气量为150 L/h,进水COD浓度为300 mg/L、TP浓度为5 mg/L,以TN浓度为30、60、90 mg...