蔬菜地土壤磷提取及模拟径流中磷素潜在流失的影响

蔬菜地磷素流失是一种典型农业非点源污染类型。通过观测地表径流中溶解态反应磷(DRP)、生物可利用磷(BAP)可以监测土壤磷素流失程度。受到各种客观条件的限制,这两个指标比较难于获取,而土壤中的总磷(TP)、Olsen(OP)、Mehlich-1(M-1P)和水溶性磷(Pw)可以通过常规分析手段获取。本文选取27个典型蔬菜样地,分析测定各样地土壤中的总磷(TP)、Olsen(OP)、Mehlich-1(M-1P)和水溶性磷(Pw)四个磷提取变量,采用了经典方法计算土壤磷流失潜能指标——磷吸持饱和度(DPS)。同时采用模拟径流实验得出典型蔬菜样地地表径流样中溶解态反应磷(DRP)、生物可利用磷(BAP)。结果表明:M-1P、Pw与DPS呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别达到了0.85和0.74(p<0.01);而M-1P、Pw与DRP浓度相关系数(r2=0.843和0.786,p<0.01)大于TP、OP与DRP浓度的相关系数(r2=0.554和0.722,p<0.01)。结论认为,通过测定M-1P、Pw和计算DPS能比较准确、便捷地预测土壤径流磷素流失风险程度。     

低磷胁迫下木豆利用磷的基因型差异及其机制

以木豆[Cajanus Cajan(L.)Millsp]MD2、MD5、MD7为材料,采用水培试验方法研究了木豆对磷的吸收、利用的基因型差异及其机理。结果表明:低磷(P1 μmol·L-1)胁迫下,木豆对磷素的吸收和利用效率存在明显的基因型差异,其中MD2、MD7属于磷素吸收、利用效率较强的基因型,而MD5为磷素效率较低的基因型。低磷培养16d后,磷高效的基因型的根/冠比显著增加,根分泌的酸性磷酸酶(APA)活性较高,说明木豆对磷素的吸收效率与植株的根冠比及根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性有关。在低磷胁迫下,虽然MD7、MD2的含磷量较低,但是磷素利用效率和根尖中APA活性较高,说明根中高APA活性是磷利用效率高的重要原因之一。     

序批式生物膜法同步除磷脱氮特性研究

对淹没序批式生物膜法去除有机物和磷及同步部分脱氮的特性进行了研究。其适合的载体装填密度为30％，水力停留时间为9h，其中厌氧3h，好氧6h，进水COD负荷从0．27kg/(m^3.d)到1．32kg/(m^3.d)均可使除磷率达90％以上，脱氮率达50％－60％。淹没式生物膜法除磷脱氮工艺中的优势菌属为假单胞菌属，其次依顺序为气单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属，微球菌属，硝化矸菌属，生物膜具有生物量大（MLVSS达5531．7mg/L)，脱落污泥含磷量高（达5．67％），沉降性好（SVI为101．7）的特点，污泥产率为0．1996kg干泥／kgCOD。     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Shrimp Ponds and the Measures for Sustainable Management

Six ponds of age 3 were selected 45 km north from Suzhou in the Tailake region, and research conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in P. vannanmei(Penaeus vannanme) ponds and M. nipponense(Macrobrachium nipponense) hatchery ponds under normal management. Two treatments each had three replications. The results confirmed that feed was the major path of nitrogen and phosphorus input, each accounted for 61.24%(193.81 kg ha^–1) and 81.08%(45.20 kg ha^–1) of the total nitrogen and phosphorus input for P. vannanme ponds; the values for M. nipponense ponds were 43.93%(86.31 kg ha^–1) and 57.67%(14.61 kg ha^–1), respectively. Water pumped into ponds contributed on average 83.57 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 8.48 kg ha^–1 phosphorus for P. vannanmei ponds, and 87.48 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 7.00 kg ha^–1 phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Shrimp harvest recovered 102.81 kg ha^–1 nitrogen (32.94% of the total nitrogen input) and 7.94 kg ha^–1phosphorus (14.23% of the total phosphorus input) for P. vannanme ponds; and 43.94 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 4.46 kg ha^–1phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. The sum of nitrogen losses through volatilization, denitrification and sedimentation was 173.62 and 122.39 kg ha^–1, 54.86% and 62.29% of the total nitrogen input for P. vannanme ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds, respectively. Sediment accumulated 41.46 and 14.63 kg ha^–1 phosphorus, 74.37% and 64.85% of the total phosphorus input for P. vannanm ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Draining and seeping caused 40.06 kg ha^–1 nitrogen (12.66% of total nitrogen input) and 6.36 kg ha^–1 phosphorus (11.40% of total phosphorus input) loss to the surrounding water from P. vannanme ponds in 114 days; 30.14 kg ha^–1nitrogen (15.34% of the total input) and 4.45 kg ha^–1 phosphorus (17.57% of the total input) to channel water from M. nipponense hatchery ponds in 87 days, respectively. Countermeasures for sustainable pond management include improving feeds and feeding, sediment treatments, machine aerating, chemicals with no pollution, and integrated fish-shrimp cultivation. Management of water resources for pond and methods to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading into surrounding water from drainage are elucidated.     

广州城郊菜地土壤磷素特征及流失风险分析

通过化学分析和土壤淋洗试验对广州城郊菜地土壤磷素特征和流失风险进行了研究和分析。结果表明.广州城郊菜地土壤全磷含量极高;与自然土壤相比较,菜园土壤无机磷比例增大、有机磷比例降低;无机磷中的AI-P、Fe-P比例增加.O-P比例降低,Ca-P比例基本一致;土壤Olsen P、Bray-1 P、Mehlich-1 P、0.01mol/L CaCl_2和H_2O提取的磷含量相当高;土壤淋洗液中溶解态磷和总磷持续保持很高的浓度,土壤磷供应强度大。菜园土壤中磷进入水体引起水体磷浓度增加,导致水体富营养化风险大;土壤磷的测定值可作为土壤磷流失风险和对水环境影响程度的评估依据。菜地应作为农业非点源磷污染的优先控制区、应通过严格控制磷肥的投入和合理施肥等控制磷的流失。     

几种工矿废渣改善土壤供硅能力的效果

施用硅肥可以改善土壤硅素肥力状况,提高水稻产量,改善稻米品质,增强水稻抗性,利用工矿废渣生产硅肥还能产生良好的生态环境效益。本研究采用室内模拟与盆栽试验的方法,研究了高炉渣、粉煤灰和金刚石矿渣作硅肥施用对水稻土供硅能力的影响。结果表明,在北方酸性水稻土上施用废渣使土壤硅素释累积放量显著增加,明显改善土壤的供硅能力,促进水稻对硅素养分的吸收,上述效果随废渣用量增加而更为明显,且高炉渣的效果要明显好于粉煤灰和金刚石矿渣。另外,五种废渣的不同施用量与植株含硅量增加率之间均满足对数正相关关系,对数项系数a与127d的硅素累积释放量之间存在极显著的线性正相关关系,说明土壤硅素累积释放量可以评价施用过废渣的土壤的供硅能力,能够反映废渣作硅肥的适宜性。     

太湖典型河网区地表水与沉积物氮、磷和重金属含量空间分异

将无锡城乡交错区河网分为城镇生活区水巷、工业区主河道、农业区主河道、农业区支流和鱼塘5种类型区.通过秋季(旱季)和夏季(雨季)2次采样,研究氮、磷和Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd在地表水和沉积物中的含量及其空间变化.结果表明:(1)城乡交错区地表水氮、磷来源于生活污染和工业污染的比例大于农田,同时具有来源分散、污染面广的特征.(2)由于城镇地表径流和工业活动影响,各类型区地表水重金属含量均有不同程度提高.但地表水重金属主要沿主河道迁移,旱季和雨季主河道重金属含量均大于农业区支流,而且随着与城镇距离增加,主河道沉积物重金属含量迅速降低,重金属污染影响范围较小.(3)与重金属相比,地表水氮、磷污染仍是太湖水网区主要的环境问题.但城镇及其周围河流沉积物中富集的重金属含量很高,其潜在环境风险不容忽视.     

猪场废水污灌土壤的Cr和Ni空间变异及积累分析

为了解长期施用猪场废水对农田土壤Cr和Ni(以下简称重金属)的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场周边农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水的污灌区耕层(0～20cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品中pH、养分及重金属全量和有效态含量,应用GIS结合地统计学方法对重金属进行了空间结构和分布特征分析,探讨规模化猪场周边农田土壤重金属积累的影响因子及其贡献。结果表明,Cr和Ni全量和有效态含量变异函数理论模型均符合球状模型,具有中等程度自相关。根据背景调查,重金属与pH值和土壤养分的相关性分析以及重金属变异函数分析,研究区土壤Cr和Ni主要受成土母质的影响,受污灌猪场废水影响不大。富集因子分析表明,污灌猪场废水对土壤Cr和Ni几乎没有积累。灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH值,提高土壤Cr和Ni有效态含量。     

土壤Cu、Cd污染对两种蚯蚓种的急性毒性

通过室内模拟重金属Cu、Cd污染实验,测定了在黄泥土条件下赤子爱胜蚓和威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性效应以及体内累积量.结果表明,赤子爱胜蚓体内Cd累积量与土壤Cd浓度呈显著正相关,赤子爱胜蚓和威廉环毛蚓体内Cu累积量在土壤Cu浓度200～392mgkg-1时呈上升趋势,在Cu浓度392～1075.6mgkg-1时呈下降趋势;威廉环毛蚓体内Cd累积量在土壤Cd浓度200～548.8mgkg-1时呈上升趋势,在Cd浓度548.8～1505.8mgkg-1时呈下降趋势.赤子爱胜蚓和威廉环毛蚓的LC50(Cu)分别为387～555mgkg-1和412～653mgkg-1,LC50(Cd)分别为809～1138mgkg-1和708～1030mgkg-1.总体来看,威廉环毛蚓对重金属Cu的累积能力以及耐受性均强于赤子爱胜蚓,而赤子爱胜蚓对Cd的耐受性强于威廉环毛蚓,但累积能力低于威廉环毛蚓.图4表1参25     

Mercury in surface sediments and benthic organisms from Guaymas Bay,east coast of the Gulf of California

In order to know the concentration of mercury in surface sediments, macroalgae and clams from Guaymas Bay, Mexico, 20 surface sediment samples and several individuals of Codium amplivesciculatum (3), Enteromorpha clathrata (4), Gracilaria subsecundata (2), Ulva lactuca (2), Chione subrugosa (80) and Crassostrea gigas (40) were collected and their Hg concentration was measured by a cold vapor Hg analyzer, after acid digestion. In addition, granulometric analysis and quantification of total organic carbon, aluminum, iron and manganese contents in sediments were performed. A Pearsons correlation matrix was determined and, the enrichment factor, the geoaccumulation index and the biota-sediment accumulation factor were calculated. Mercury concentrations in sediments ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 μg g⁻¹, with the central and northern portions showing the highest values. Macroalgae had a content of Hg that oscillated from 0.058 to 0.134 μg g⁻¹, while the average concentrations of this metal for clams and oysters were 0.063 and 0.230 μg g⁻¹, respectively. A clear effect of Guaymas City and the anthropogenic activities carried out around the Guaymas Bay has been observed and the enrichment factor and the geochemical index suggest that sediments from this coastal ecosystem are moderately to strongly contaminated with Hg. However, according to the figure of the maximum human consumption of Hg per week recommended by the World Health Organization, people can ingest clams without risk to their health.