曝气加氢氧化钙复合技术抑制底泥磷释放及对底泥微生物多样性的影响

底泥磷释放是导致水体富营养化的主要原因之一,本文通过在样泥中分别投加0、0.01和0.02 mol·L-1Ca(OH)2溶液,同时进行微臭氧曝气(0.6 g·min-1),研究了曝气加氢氧化钙复合技术抑制底泥磷释放的效果及对底泥微生物多样性的影响.结果显示,投加0.02 mol·L-1Ca(OH)2组上覆水中总磷(TP)浓度的最终值与对照组相比,抑制率达到34%;从各形态磷的角度进一步分析发现,与对照组相比,该组底泥中可溶性磷和铁磷含量分别降低了92%和60%,其最终转化为钙磷是该技术的关键.通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCRDGGE)研究发现,各试验组微生物相似性在65%~85%之间;Berger-Parker优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数变化不明显,表明该技术不会影响底泥微生物多样性.     

温度诱发的A/O除磷系统污泥沉降性变化与影响机理研究

本试验平行运行了两套A/O生物强化除磷系统,通过观测温度诱发的污泥性状及微生物群落结构的变化,探索了温度对污泥沉降性能的影响及机理.试验结果表明,温度从20℃升至25℃能够有效改善污泥的沉降性能,而从20℃降至15℃可以使污泥沉降性急剧恶化.升温和降温均可导致EPS中蛋白质含量在短期内急剧增加.高温(25℃)能够抑制丝状菌的生长,而低温(15℃)会刺激Thiothrix II型丝状菌大量增殖.SPSS相关性分析显示,丝状菌的数量变化不大时,污泥含磷量和不可挥发性固体含量对沉降性影响显著,EPS的增加不利于污泥沉降,污泥密度与污泥沉降性无相关性.聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)分析表明,不同温度会导致不同优势菌的生长.受高温影响较大的细菌为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria),受低温影响较大的细菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria).     

闽江河口短叶茳芏沼泽湿地沉积物磷的赋存形态和空间分布

对闽江河口区不同盐度短叶茳芏沼泽湿地沉积物中磷的赋存形态和分布特征进行了研究,探讨了河口沉积物中磷的来源及其影响因子.结果表明:1闽江河口湿地沉积物全磷(TP)含量介于607.91~807.60 mg·kg-1,平均值为726.29 mg·kg-1;有机磷(OP)含量介于120.44~166.63 mg·kg-1,平均值为139.43 mg·kg-1,约占TP的18.93%;无机磷(IP)含量介于479.65~647.56 mg·kg-1,平均值为586.86 mg·kg-1,约占TP的81.07%,IP是磷的主要赋存形态.2IP中,赋存形态以闭蓄态磷(O-P)和铁结合态磷(Fe-P)为主,分别占IP的39.97%和32.92%;其次是钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和铝结合态磷(Al-P),分别占IP的17.89%、9.22%.3在空间分布上,TP、OP、IP含量在由海向陆方向整体呈先降低后递增趋势;IP不同赋存形态在空间上也整体上呈现出以上趋势;垂直方向上,总体都表现为随土层深度波动降低,这在一定程度上反映了近年来河口湿地环境污染的加剧.4磷的赋存形态和空间分布特征是电导率、pH、容重、含水率和粒度等多因子综合作用的结果.     

Comparison of biochemical characteristics between PAO and DPAO sludges

A successful enhanced biological phosphorus removal(EBPR) was observed in both anaerobicaerobic sequencing batch reactor(An-Ox SBR) to induce growth of phosphorus accumulating organism(PAO) and anaerobic-anoxic(An-Ax) SBR to induce growth of denitrifying PAO(DPAO).Although the EBPR performance of An-Ox SBR was higher by 11.3% than that of An-Ax SBR,specific phosphorus release rates in the An-Ax SBR(22.8 ± 3.5 mg P/(g VSS·hr)) and the An-Ox SBR(22.4 ± 4.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)) were similar. Specific phosphorus uptake rates under anoxic and aerobic conditions were 26.3 ± 4.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)(An-Ax SBR) and 25.6 ± 2.8 mg P/(g VSS·hr)(An-Ox SBR), respectively, which were also similar. In addition, an analysis of relationship of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates(PHA) synthesized under anaerobic conditions with phosphorous release(Preleased/PHAsynthesized) and of PHA utilized under anoxic and aerobic conditions with phosphorous uptake(Puptaked/PHAutilized) verified that biological activities of EBPR per unit biomass between DPAO and PAO were similar. An analysis of the specific denitrification rate of DPAO showed that NO-3-N can be denitrified at a rate that does not substantially differ from that of an ordinary denitrifier without additional consumption of organic carbon when the PHA stored inside the cell under anaerobic conditions is sufficiently secured.     

ABR-MBR一体化工艺节能降耗措施优化研究

能耗高和膜污染是限制膜生物反应器(MBR)广泛应用的重要因素.为降低工艺运行能耗和延缓膜污染,以厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-MBR工艺处理生活污水为例,对工艺结构和脱氮除磷运行条件进行优化.结果表明,通过优化ABR-MBR工艺结构,可降低43%的运行能耗,同时可保持较高的COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP去除效果,平均去除率分别为91%、85%、76%和86%.另外,添加颗粒填料可有效延缓膜污染,不过也改变了膜污染的形成过程,膜内部污染物含量显著增多,碳水化合物含量增加,而蛋白质含量减少,碳水化合物/蛋白质比明显增大.最终,增强了MBR反应器的实际应用性能.     

黑河流域磷迁移转化过程连续模拟研究

以西安市的主要供水水源黑河流域为例,在Matlab软件辅助下,使用蓄满产流模型、逆高斯分布汇流模型、水沙关系模型以及澳大利亚学者Viney所提出的营养物迁移转化模型对黑河流域1981～1990年磷的迁移转化过程进行了连续模拟,模拟了磷的输出情况,预测了黑河流域磷污染负荷量.结果表明:模拟结果符合磷素流失的一般规律,年径流量大的年份,从流域输出的磷素也较多,反之,则较小;对磷的连续模拟结果与实测插补延长后总磷年负荷量的相对误差基本上在±30%以内,结果较合理,由此表明该法可用于黑河流域磷素迁移转化的连续模拟.同时,本文模型只是流域非点源污染连续模拟的初步尝试,尚需进行进一步检验、改进和完善.     

序批式膜生物反应器同时脱氮除磷的比较研究

对比了厌氧-好氧(AO)及厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A²O)2种运行模式序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)对模拟生活污水同时脱氮除磷的性能.结果表明,2种运行模式的SBMBR对有机物及氨氮的去除率分别可保持在90%和95%以上.A²O MBR具有更强的释磷能力,其SPRR₃₀(前30min比释磷速率)比AO MBR高出47.5%;但SPUR₃₀(前30min比吸磷速率)却比AO MBR低,这是导致前者膜出水中TP值较后者高的原因之一.2个系统内污泥均有反硝化除磷能力,A²O MBR中DPAO(反硝化聚磷菌)的比例比AO MBR提高了57%;硝酸盐为电子受体时单位电子转移所吸收的磷,前者比后者高30%.这2个因素双重作用的结果导致了A²O MBR反硝化除磷能力的提高.A²O MBR系统曝气时间减半并没有加重膜污染,反而该系统的膜污染相对较轻.膜对有机物有较好的过滤截留作用,污泥沉降性能对SBMBR出水水质影响很小.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

Effect of Earthworm（Pheretima sp.） Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils. Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio （w/w） of 75：25. Earthworms （Pheretima sp.） were introduced to the mixture at four different densities, zero, three, six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass （Loliun multiflorum）. The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly enhanced ryegrass shoot biomass. However, as denser earthworm population was introduced, shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N, P and K in the tailings and soil mixture. There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation, although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant. On the contrary, there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed. The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions, by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate. Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship between metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.     

URBAN INFLUENCE ON PHOSPHORUS AND SEDIMENT LOADING OF WEST POINT LAKE,GEORGIA1

ABSTRACT: West Point Lake is a 10,360 ha mainstream impoundment of the Chattahoochee River located 95 kilometers downstream of Atlanta, Georgia. Origins and magnitude of external total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) loads from the West Point Lake basin were estimated over a one-year period. Partitioning the drainage basin allowed the sources of these loads to be determined. The upper subbasin area, from Franklin, Georgia, to the headwaters of the Chattahoochee River, contributed 96 percent of the discharge and 97 percent of the TP and TSS loads into West Point Lake. The lower subbasin area, from Franklin to West Point Lake dam, only contributed 3 percent of the TP and TSS loads. Ninety-one percent and 87 percent of the TP and TSS loads, respectively, from the upper subbasin originated from the Atlanta area. Point sources discharged 70 percent and 3 percent of the upper subbasin TP and TSS loads, respectively. A large portion (66 percent) of the TP from the upper subbasin was in the bioavailable form.