不同底物和环境条件对两株铜绿假单胞菌接触烷烃方式及降解活性的影响

考察了不同烷烃底物和温度、酸度、盐度等环境条件对两株铜绿假单胞菌接触烷烃方式和降解活性的影响.结果表明,微生物接触烷烃的两种方式——直接接触方式和乳化接触方式同时存在于菌体降解烷烃过程中且受底物和环境条件的影响.底物烷烃碳数的增加对菌株两种接触方式降解烷烃都有利,而盐度增加对它们都不利;高温、偏碱性环境以及延长降解时间有利于菌体以乳化方式降解烷烃;低温、中性溶液环境有利于菌体以直接接触方式降解烷烃.     

应用技术型高校安全工程专业教师教学能力建设实证研究

随着新形势下城市和工业生产的发展,加强应用技术型高校安全工程专业教师教学能力建设与研究,不仅有助于丰富安全工程专业师资队伍建设与研究成果,而且有助于提升队伍建设质量和水平。本文以重庆市某高校安全工程专业教师教学能力建设开展实证研究,该校通过企业调研和兄弟院校之间的对比分析,邀请安全工程专业部分骨干专业教师、企业代表和其他兄弟院校专业教师开展分析研讨会,初步形成了该校安全工程专业教师教学能力标准,并在相关学院进行试点。结果表明:该校有针对性地从理念、政策、师资队伍、教学平台及课堂教学改革等方面加强该校安全工程专业教师教学能力建设,成效是显著的,经验是可以借鉴的。     

沸石结构对氨氮吸附性能的影响

利用氨氮吸附静态实验、电镜扫描、X衍射谱图分析以及化学成分分析方法探讨沸石结构对沸石吸附性能的影响机理。结果表明，在实验条件相同的情况下，不同沸石的吸附(NH4^ -N)容量差别十分显著，最高为0．83mmol／g计，最低仅为0．24mmol／g;沸石结构、孔隙分布以及化学成分是影响沸石吸附容量的主要内部因素，结构松散、孔径相对较大、孔径均匀的沸石吸附容量相对较高。     

Fighting success and attractiveness as predictors of male mating success in the black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus: the effectiveness of no-choice tests

Females are generally assumed to prefer larger, more dominant males. However, a growing number of studies that control for male-male competition have shown no correlation between dominance and attractiveness. Aggressive males can interfere with female mate preference either by physically coercing females into mating or by driving submissive males away and restricting mate choice. The most common method of assessing female mate choice is by using simultaneous two-choice tests. These control for male-male interactions, but usually interfere with physical and chemical cues involved in mate selection or alter male behaviour. They are therefore unsuitable for many study species, especially insects. Another method is the no-choice test that measures a females latency to mating when placed with a single male as an indication of male attractiveness. No-choice tests control for male-male aggression while allowing full contact between pairs (they allow actual mating to be directly observed rather than to occur based on a correlated behaviour). So far, however, no study has confirmed that males that entice females to mate sooner actually enjoy increased longer-term mating success. As such, the accuracy of no-choice tests as a method of examining mate choice remains untested. Here, we used no-choice tests on the black field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, to show that (1) females did not prefer males that won fights (dominant males), and (2) latency to mating predicts actual mating success. We have clearly demonstrated the usefulness of no-choice tests and, considering the advantages of this method, they should be more often considered for a wider variety of taxa.Communicated by D. Gwynne     

紫色土硅酸盐细菌的表型特征及溶磷解钾能力

对40株分离自四川、重庆等地的代表笥紫色土中的硅酸盐细菌和1株参照菌株进行了52个表型性状的数值分析，探讨了硅酸盐细菌液体振荡培养后pH值、菌数变化与溶磷、解钾量之间的关系，结果表明：紫色土硅酸盐细菌绝大部分属于胶胨样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus），但在个体和群体生长特征、碳氮源利用、硝酸盐还原能力、耐Ⅰ菌株在86％相似水平分为2个亚群，不同的硅酸盐细菌菌株的溶磷、解钾特性差异较大，具有溶磷解钾双重特性的菌株约占供试菌株（含参考菌株）的22％，只具溶磷特性的约占29％,其溶磷效果较显著（有效磷增加最高达40.64%），而解钾效果不明显（有效钾增加最多的只有7.9%）。供试紫色土硅酸盐细菌的溶磷、解钾特性与菌株生长过程中产酸有关，其溶磷、解钾量与培养液中pH值的降低呈正相关，图5表3参20。     

Inbreeding and competitive ability in the common shrew (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorex araneus</Emphasis>)

Common shrews (Sorex araneus) maintain a foraging territory for most of their immature life. Possessing a high-quality territory is vital for overwinter survival in the harsh boreal climate, and hence, competitive ability in territorial disputes is expected to be an important component of individual fitness. To test possible association between individual inbreeding and fitness, we used neutral arena trials to assess the competitive performance of young common shrews. The experiment involved pairs of individuals originating from small island populations, where breeding must often occur between related individuals, and from large outbred mainland populations. The percentage of neutral arena tests that an individual won was highly significantly explained by internal relatedness, a surrogate measure of individual inbreeding, measured using ten microsatellite markers. Body size, sex, learning, and population type (mainland vs island) made no significant contributions. Even a low level of individual inbreeding may lead to significant adverse consequences in multiple territorial contests, which may represent a significant cause of inbreeding depression in many wild vertebrate populations.     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

天津市常用绿化树种挥发性有机物排放潜力估算

BVOCs（植被释放的挥发性有机物）对PM_2.5等大气颗粒物的形成有重要贡献,树种BVOCs排放潜力的研究有助于城市绿化树种的科学选择.对天津市城市绿地常见绿化树种BVOCs样品进行采集与鉴定,基于Guenther提出的模型估算了天津市32种常见绿化树种BVOCs的排放量,并对估算过程中的不确定性因素进行分析.结果表明:构树、毛白杨、旱柳和绦柳的BVOCs排放量（以C计）最高,分别为2 179.438、2 147.394、2 116.537、2 045.722 g/（株·a）.从科属的角度来看,杨柳科植物BVOCs排放量最高,豆科、桑科和松科BVOCs排放量位居其次.采用聚类分析方法将32种绿化树种的异戊二烯、单萜烯排放潜力进行分类,其中毛白杨、构树、旱柳和绦柳属于高排放异戊二烯的树种;油松和苹果属于高排放单萜烯的树种.从科属水平而言,豆科和杨柳科植物具有较强的异戊二烯排放潜力.松科和部分蔷薇科的乔木具有较强的单萜烯排放潜力.从叶片类型的角度上,阔叶树主要以排放异戊二烯为主,针叶树主要以排放单萜烯为主,且异戊二烯的排放潜力要大于单萜烯的排放潜力.植物OVOCs（其他VOCs）排放潜力与异戊二烯和单萜烯的排放潜力相比显著较弱.天津市外来树种与本地树种BVOCs排放潜力无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.研究显示,天津市常用绿化树种的单株排放潜力差异明显,因此可优选臭椿、洋白蜡和紫叶李等排放潜力相对较低的树种用作城市绿化.      

石油类物质环己烷对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

炼油废水中石油类物质容易影响活性污泥沉降性能、干扰处理效果.为了定量分析石油类物质对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,采用定量图像分析技术,通过图像采集、图像处理、图像分析和数据处理流程,考察了不同浓度环己烷影响下活性污泥絮体微观参数变化情况及参数间的相关性,并分析了微观参数与宏观参数[SV（污泥沉降比）、SVI（污泥容积指数）和MLSS（污泥浓度）]间的相关性.结果表明:①絮体微观参数值随环己烷投加浓度的变化规律具有明显的分组现象,同组参数间相关性强,可据此将参数分为大小类、规则性类和密实性类.②环己烷在低于1 g/L浓度条件下使活性污泥沉降体积增大,此时密实性参数与环己烷投加浓度、SV和SVI分别具有一定相关性.③环己烷投加浓度≥ 1 g/L时会导致污泥上浮流失,此时大小类和规则性类参数均分别与SV和MLSS具有一定相关性,其中,孔率与环己烷投加浓度呈负相关（R2为0.91）,分形维数与SV和MLSS分别呈负相关（R2分别为0.75和0.89）.研究显示,利用定量图像分析技术检测孔率和分形维数等污泥絮体微观参数,能够反映石油类物质对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,当孔率降至0.98以下预示着污泥流失,并且分形维数越大,流失越严重.