H_4SiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2/空心微珠光催化降解联苯胺

采用复合型光催化剂H_4SiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2/空心微珠(cenospheres)光催化降解联苯胺,考察了联苯胺降解效果的影响因素,并运用FTIR和GS-MS技术分析了联苯胺光催化降解过程的主要中间产物,探讨了联苯胺可能的降解路径。实验结果表明:以125 W中压汞灯为光源,在溶液pH为6.3,初始联苯胺质量浓度为10 mg/L的条件下光反应240 min,联苯胺降解率达78%,比Ti_O2/空心微珠提高了24百分点;H_4SiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2/空心微珠光催化降解联苯胺符合表观一级动力学特征,且反应速率常数随初始联苯胺质量浓度的增加而减小;H_4SiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2/空心微珠具有较好的稳定性,易于分离,可重复利用;联苯胺光催化降解过程的主要中间产物为4-氨基联苯、4-氨基苯酚、对苯二酚和1,4-苯醌。     

植物法改性类Fenton反应催化剂降解甲基橙

采用银杏叶和桑叶提取液制备了改性类Fenton反应催化剂并进行了表征分析,研究了溶液初始p H、反应温度、催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度等因素对甲基橙降解率的影响,同时考察了催化剂的重复使用效果。表征结果表明:制备出的催化剂为Fe_2O_3和Fe OOH的混合物;桑叶改性催化剂的粒径分布较银杏叶改性催化剂均匀,粒径较小,比表面积较大。实验结果表明:在初始p H为6.23、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量1 g/L、甲基橙初始质量浓度100 mg/L的条件下,银杏叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.40%,桑叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.96%;碱性条件下,甲基橙降解率仍接近100%,扩宽了反应的p H适用范围,为碱性条件下处理偶氮染料提供了新思路;催化剂重复使用6次之后,甲基橙降解率仍可达到99%。根据反应前后溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱,初步探讨了降解机理。     

WO_3/Ag_3VO_4复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

采用超声辅助沉淀法—浸渍法制备了WO3/Ag3VO4复合光催化剂,对其进行了表征,考察了其在可见光条件下对罗丹明B的催化降解性能,并对催化机理进行了探讨。表征结果显示:WO3紧密包覆在Ag3VO4颗粒的表面,并未改变Ag3VO4的晶体结构;与Ag3VO4和WO3相比,WO3/Ag3VO4的吸收带边发生了红移。实验结果表明:w(WO3)为3.5%时,WO3/Ag3VO4对罗丹明B的可见光催化降解效果最好;在光催化剂加入量0.8 g/L、初始罗丹明B质量浓度10 mg/L的条件下,于室温下光照180 min时的罗丹明B去除率达95.76%,TOC去除率达96.5%;WO3与Ag3VO4在能带间的耦合作用下形成异质结结构,很好地抑制了光生电子-空穴对的复合。     

新型类Fenton催化剂表征及其降解染料废水的试验研究

钴基和铜基类Fenton催化剂是近年来的研究热点,对新型类Fenton催化剂进行SEM,EDS,XPS表征,得知催化剂中的金属元素主要为钴和铜。通过单因素分析法,研究影响该催化剂处理甲基橙模拟废水效果的因素。结果表明:该催化剂在pH为3~9的范围内均表现出较好的催化降解能力;当双氧水的添加量达到20 mL/L时,催化降解能力不再增加;催化剂的投加量影响催化降解能力达到最大的时间;此外,双氧水的投加方式影响降解所需的时间而对最终的处理效果影响不大。     

Topical application of synthetic pyrethroids to cattle as a source of persistent environmental contamination

Abstract

Following the application of permethrin or cyhalothrin to cattle for the control of ectoparasites, the occurrence and persistence of these chemicals was assessed on the animals and in their environment. The release of permethrin from ear tags containing 1g of the drug on cattle was followed for 65 days and lead to concentrations of 5 to 35 μg of permethrin per gram of hair on the shoulders. On the flanks of the animals, the corresponding values were 10 times lower. Across the 1.5 acre pasture, high concentrations of permethiin were measured at various locations and long after treatment: 6 μg/g on bark of a birch after one week, 5 μg/g on a pole of the fence after two weeks, 1 μg/g in grass from a resting site of the animal after six weeks, and 0.5 μg/g in bark of a pine tree after three month and two weeks after the animals had left the pasture. In similar assays, cyhalothrin applied to milk cows as a pour‐on preparation was monitored. One week following treatment with 0.2 g/animal, hair cut from the shoulders contained 5 μg/g of the insecticide, which disappeared with a half‐life of 12 days. Dust collected two weeks after the pour‐on treatment from the milk barn where the cows were milked twice daily contained 47 μg/g of cyhalothrin, which disappeared with a half‐life of 44 days. These results show that synthetic pyrethroids used on farm animals can be the source of widespread and persistent contamination.     

Repeated batch and continuous degradation of chlorpyrifos by Pseudomonas putida

The present study was undertaken with the objective of studying repeated batch and continuous degradation of chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphorothioate) using Ca-alginate immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida isolated from an agricultural soil, and to study the genes and enzymes involved in degradation. The study was carried out to reduce the toxicity of chlorpyrifos by degrading it to less toxic metabolites. Long-term stability of pesticide degradation was studied during repeated batch degradation of chlorpyrifos, which was carried out over a period of 50 days. Immobilized cells were able to show 65% degradation of chlorpyrifos at the end of the 50th cycle with a cell leakage of 112 × 10³ cfu mL^?1. During continuous treatment, 100% degradation was observed at 100 mL h^?1 flow rate with 2% chlorpyrifos, and with 10% concentration of chlorpyrifos 98% and 80% degradation was recorded at 20 mL h^?1 and 100 mL h^?1 flow rate respectively. The products of degradation detected by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis were 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and chlorpyrifos oxon. Plasmid curing experiments with ethidium bromide indicated that genes responsible for the degradation of chlorpyrifos are present on the chromosome and not on the plasmid. The results of Polymerase chain reaction indicate that a ~890-bp product expected for mpd gene was present in Ps. putida. Enzymatic degradation studies indicated that the enzymes involved in the degradation of chlorpyrifos are membrane-bound. The study indicates that immobilized cells of Ps. putida have the potential to be used in bioremediation of water contaminated with chlorpyrifos.     

The metabolic fate of 14C‐parathion by some fresh water phytoplankton and its possible effects on the algal metabolism

Abstract

The growth and total carbohydrate contents of Nostoc muscorum and Tolypothrix tenuis were greatly and significantly reduced by the application of parathion. “Chlorophyll a”, carotene biosynthesis and the rate of glucose absorption were enhanced after supplementation of parathion to the culture media of both cyanobacteria. Nitrogen released to the media, total nitrogen content and total nitrogen fixed were increased in both organisms‐ Increase in protein content was accompanied by remarkable drop in amino, peptide and ammonia fractions‐ Phosphorus uptake, RNA, DNA and total phosphorus content were accelerated to reach maximum accumulation at the highest insecticide level. In metabolism study using ¹⁴C‐labelled compound, parathion was readily degraded by Nostoc and Tolypothrix. Following ten days incubation, the aqueous fractions contained 21.1% and 18.1% of the initial activity in Nostoc and Tolypothrix respectively. TLC analysis of the hydrolytic products revealed the presence of three metabolites: p‐aminophenol, p‐nitrophenol and aminoparathion.     

g-C3N4制备及其协同PDS可见光催化降解布洛芬的研究

以尿素为主要原料,采用热聚合法在不同条件下制备了光催化剂g-C3N4(石墨相碳化氮),通过改变尿素在马弗炉中加热的温度(350℃、400℃、450℃、500℃)和时间(0.5 h、1 h、1.5 h),得到不同烧结温度和时间的光催化剂,并对其进行X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶红外光谱分析仪(FT-IR)、紫外可见漫反射光(UV-Vis)表征,并通过可见光光催化降解布洛芬试验,探究了制备温度、时间对g-C3N4光催化性能的影响;并在溶液中加入PDS(过硫酸钾),联合g-C3N4在可见光下光催化降解布洛芬。结果表明,当烧结温度为500℃、烧结时间为1.5 h时,制备的g-C3N4在可见光区有较强吸收且具有较大的比表面积,以致其表现出最佳的光催化性能;PDS的存在对布洛芬的降解有促进作用,且加快了g-C3N4对布洛芬的光催化降解,相比于纯g-C3N4,4 h内布洛芬的降解率由63%提升为90.5%。以异丙醇、甲醇、对苯醌、草酸钠、重铬酸钾、甲醇分别为羟基自由基(·OH)、·OH和硫酸根自由基(SO4^-·)、超氧自由基(·O2-)、空穴(h+)、电子(e^-)的捕获剂。通过对反应过程的活性物种鉴定,·OH、SO4^-·、h+、e^-均参与了布洛芬的光催化降解,其中h+在反应中的贡献率达到了82.9%,在降解布洛芬过程中起主导作用;在反应体系中添加PDS后,催化剂g-C3N4的荧光强度变小,即加入PDS能够有效降低g-C3N4的光生空穴与电子的复合率,提高g-C3N4的光催化性能。     

Rubber cultivation and sustainable development in Xishuangbanna,China

SUMMARY

Xishuangbanna in southwest China is a tropical and subtropical region with extraordinary traditional cultures and attractive landscapes. Rubber cultivation is a key production source undergoing rapid growth. It contributes substantially to improvement of the local economic situation and partially replaces traditional slash-and-burn agriculture in the uplands, but it also results in biodiversity loss and environmental degradation and disturbs the peaceful life of the indigenous people. We discuss the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) preserved in daily practices and the present types of rubber plantations and suggest the application of TEK, in particular, the indigenous land-use experience to rubber cultivation, in order to promote sustainability in local economic development and ecological well-being.     

Bivariate cointegration between poverty and environment: a case study of Pakistan (1980–2009)

The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate a two-way statistical relationship between the agriculture environment and rural poverty. To recognise the relationship between the two variables, a time series, co-integration and Granger causality tests have been employed. Secondary data pertaining to Pakistan from 1980–2009 on rural poverty and environmental factors (such as commercial energy consumption, water availability and total cropped area) have been used for the analysis. The empirical results only moderately support the conventional view that rural poverty has a significant long-term casual effect on environmental proxies in Pakistan. The present study finds evidence of uni-directional causality between poverty and the environment in the context of the agriculture sector in Pakistan.