Biochemical composition and early diagenesis of organic matter in coastal sediments of the NW Adriatic Sea influenced by riverine inputs

River inputs influence trophodynamic and biogeochemical processes of adjacent continental shelves. In order to provide new insights on the influence of continental inputs on the benthic trophic state and early diagenesis of sediment organic matter we collected surface sediments in the NW Adriatic Sea at three stations located at increasing distance from the Po River. Sediment samples were collected in four periods characterized by different river outflows and analysed for chloropigment content (chlorophyll-a and phaeopygments), protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations, prokaryote abundance and aminopeptidase activity. Sediments of the NW Adriatic Sea displayed high organic loads, tightly coupled with the outflow dynamics of the Po River. A major flooding event was responsible of an enhanced accumulation of organic material on the sea bottom. The resulting increased nutrient load in the sediment impaired organic matter degradation processes. The results of the present study suggest that the enhanced trophic state of marine coastal sediments subjected to riverine inputs are related not only to the increased nutrient inputs, but that they may be amplified by impaired degradation processes.     

Biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) – a review focusing on contents in the plant, plant–pest interactions and transformation

Summary.  To exploit biologically active compounds from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) for suppressing weeds and soil-borne diseases, either as isolated products (biopesticides) or through cultivars with enhanced production of these compounds, the biologically active compounds must be identified, plant content measured, and their fate in soil known. The present review summarizes the published knowledge needed for such exploitation; providing essential information on structure and concentration of flavonols, flavones, condensed tannins, isoflavones, isoflavanones, pterocarpans, coumestans, cyanogenic glucosides, and saponins in healthy and stressed white clover plants. Various stresses and particular cultivars affect the concentrations of several of the compounds. Information on biological effects and the degradation/transformation of these compounds in plants or by microorganisms is available. There is no information on the degradation pathway in soil, the mechanisms of exudation and leaching of compounds from plants, and soil sorption properties of the compounds. The clover soil fatigue problem is increasing in grasslands and causes problems especially in organic farming. Research efforts focused on biological elements of clover soil fatigue have not explained it, and the influence of secondary metabolites has not been investigated. There are few investigations into the interaction between beneficial fungi/fungal-diseases and the occurrence of biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover plants. Such studies are critical to better understand beneficial fungi and pathogens.     

利用涡流空化效应降解水中罗丹明B

涡流空化通过特殊结构的涡流仓产生,流体在涡流仓中形成压力远低于大气压力的低压区域,从而产生空化效应.通过CFX计算软件对涡流形成情况进行了模拟计算,确定了适宜的结构参数.对罗丹明B进行了实际降解试验,考察了压力和温度对降解的影响,结果表明,压力提高对降解有利,而温度的影响有一定复杂性.涡流空化降解和超声空化降解的对比试验结果表明,涡流空化降解效率远大于超声空化.      

疏水性石油烃降解菌细胞表面疏水性及降解特性

从石油污染的土壤中分离纯化得到3株能以石油为唯一碳源和能源生长的石油烃降解菌,分别命名为HDB-1、HDB-2、HDB-3,并采用微生物粘着碳烃化合物法(MATH)对3株菌株的细菌表面疏水性及其环境影响因子进行研究.结果表明:二甲苯-水两相体系适用于3种细菌表面疏水性研究;HDB-1、HDB-2、HDB-3的疏水性分别为68.8%、57.4%、64.1%;随培养时间、碳源的不同和温度、pH的改变,细菌表面疏水性均发生不同程度变化;6d后初始含油量为1000mg/L的培养液的去除率分别为91.6%、64.5%、79.8%.结果还表明,细菌的细胞表面疏水性与其在环境中对有机污染物的降解呈一定的相关性,疏水性大的细菌对疏水性有机物的降解速度较疏水性小的快.     

不同驯化方式对微生物降解乐果的影响

为了获得有效降解有机磷农药乐果的微生物,采用北京大兴黄村施用过乐果的土壤为菌源,以乐果作为唯一碳源和能源采用一次性大剂量冲击驯化和逐渐加量的驯化方式分离得到7株对乐果有一定降解能力的微生物。微生物降解乐果实验结果显示:不同的驯化方式对微生物的降解能力有明显的影响,大剂量冲击驯化获得的微生物对乐果的降解能力优于逐渐加量驯化获得的微生物。     

31P NMR与HPLC联用筛选高效有机磷降解细菌

从有机磷农药污染地区分离到14株具有高效甲胺磷降解活力的细菌,并用HPLC对其降解效率进行分析,发现一周内降解率最高达74％．采用^31 PNMR对其降解产物进行了同步监测,发现其降解产物不同,其中有三株可以把甲胺磷代谢成磷酸．这三株降解细菌可以从环境中有效的清除有机磷的污染．     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚好氧生物降解产物的GC-MS测定

从上海闵行区污水处理厂曝气池中的污泥和上海孙桥农业园区农田表层土壤样品中分离得到两株好氧降解菌株：B16-2（曝气池）和N1（农田）,都能够不同程度地降解辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OPEOn）.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其好氧生物降解产物进行了表征和鉴别.结果表明,两株菌对OPEOn的好氧生物降解都产生了环境雌激素活性物质--辛基酚,从曝气池中分离出的B16-2好氧降解产生了丁基酚聚氧乙烯醚,从仙人掌土壤分离出的N1菌株降解以羟基端EO链的逐渐断裂为主要途径.     

TiO2与Cu2O光催化降解对硝基苯酚比较研究

分别采用自制的纳米TiO2和Cu2O研究对硝基苯酚的光催化降解.结果表明,模拟阳光条件下,100mg·l-1对硝基苯酚水溶液的氧化亚铜催化反应半衰期为20.0min,而二氧化钛不具备可见光催化能力;在SGY-1多功能光化学反应器中,TiO2催化降解对硝基苯酚的半衰期是48.1min.产物分析表明,n-型半导体二氧化钛的光催化反应存在两种降解历程,生成二羟基硝基苯或脱除硝基.而p-型半导体氧化亚铜催化的光降解反应未检出脱硝基产物,仅检出1,2-二羟基-4-硝基苯.     

同分异构体喹啉和异喹啉的缺氧降解性能比较

研究了同分异构体的含氮杂环化合物喹啉和异喹啉在缺氧条件下的降解情况,发现两者表现出不同的缺氧降解特性。喹啉可以在缺氧条件下得到有效降解,其缺氧降解的最佳碳氮比为8。在最佳碳氮比条件下,喹啉的缺氧降解过程符合一级动力学规律,在其降解过程中首先以硝酸盐为电子受体,当硝酸盐氮浓度为零时,亚硝酸盐氮浓度达到最高,此后喹啉的降解主要以亚硝酸盐为电子受体,并和亚硝酸盐氮同时达到最低浓度。异喹啉对硝酸盐的利用甚微,其降解主要表现为厌氧降解特征,降解过程符合零级动力学规律。     

乐果好氧降解菌的驯化和筛选

为了获得有效降解有机磷农药乐果的微生物,采用北京大兴黄村施用过乐果的土壤为菌源,以乐果作为唯一碳源和能源分离得到5株对乐果有一定降解能力的细菌。正交实验结果显示:降解菌在温度为40℃,pH值为9,NaCl浓度为0 .5g/L条件下生长良好。