Thermodynamic prediction and experimental investigation of short-term dynamic membrane formation in dynamic membrane bioreactors: Effects of sludge properties

In dynamic membrane bioreactors(DMBRs), a dynamic membrane(DM) forms on a support material to act as the separation membrane for solids and liquids. In this study, batch filtration tests were carried out in a DMBR using nylon mesh(25 μm) as support material to filtrate sludge suspensions of variable properties from three different sources to evaluate the effects on the short-term DM formation process(within 240 min). Furthermore, the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek(XDLVO) theory was applied to analyze the sludge adhesion and cohesion behaviors on the mesh surface to predict quantitative parameters of the short-term DM formation process(including initial formation and maturation stage). The filtration results showed that the order of the initial DM formation time(permeate turbidity 1 NTU as an indicator) was as follows: sludge with poor settleability and dewaterability normal sludge sludge with poor flocculability. Moreover, normal sludge(regarding settleability, dewaterability,flocculability, and extracellular polymeric substance) showed a more acceptable DM formation performance(short DM formation time, low permeate turbidity, and high permeate flux) than sludge with poor settleability, dewaterability and flocculability. The influence of sludge properties on the initial DM formation time corroborates the prediction of sludge adhesion behaviors by XDLVO theory. Additionally, the XDLVO calculation results showed that acid–based interaction, energy barrier, and secondary energy minimum were important determinants of the sludge adhesion and cohesion behaviors. Therefore, short-term DM formation process may be enhanced to achieve stable long-term DMBR operation through positive modification of the sludge properties.     

包埋固定化活性污泥脱氮特性与微生物群落分析

采用包埋固定化活性污泥法进行污水深度处理脱氮,针对不同初始总氮浓度的模拟废水,基于序批式间歇反应器的小试实验,探讨了包埋颗粒的脱氮效果及其微生物种群特性.结果表明,在包埋颗粒的体积投加率为10%,实验水温为10~15℃,DO为2~4 mg·L~(-1)和初始COD浓度为80~100 mg·L~(-1)条件下,不同初始总氮浓度(10~45 mg·L~(-1))和C/N比(1.78~10)的各反应器中,稳定期包埋颗粒的最大总氮去除负荷为7.78~23.18 mg·(L·h)~(-1).扫描电镜发现,包埋颗粒具有较好的孔隙结构,且颗粒内部与表面均存在微生物附着生长,已成为微生物的良好载体.高通量测序结果表明,较初始包埋污泥,包埋颗粒内部与表面的微生物群落构成发生了显著变化,包埋颗粒内微生物多样性良好,颗粒中脱氮菌属优势明显.包埋颗粒中存在异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌属,提升了包埋颗粒内非传统生物脱氮途径的潜能.     

栾树对湘潭锰尾矿土不同处理方式下植被修复盆栽实验

锰矿废弃地植被修复可促进矿区生态环境的改善和经济的可持续发展,植被修复方法和技术措施对锰矿废弃地的修复至关重要,混合基质中尾泥和尾渣的配置比例与配置方式也是提高植物存活率的关键技术措施.本研究采用栾树进行锰矿废弃物(尾泥和尾渣)盆栽试验,探讨不同混合比例处理方式下锰尾矿废弃物的特性以及栾树对重金属锰的植物修复效果.结果表明:(1)锰矿尾泥呈酸性,尾渣呈碱性,尾渣中全Mn和有效Mn含量高于尾泥,二者混合基质的p H值和全Mn含量则随着尾渣含量所占比例的增加而升高,但有效Mn含量则逐渐降低.(2)不同比例的尾泥和尾渣混合基质可以有效改善土壤的物理性质,提高栾树的存活率和改善植物的生长状况;随尾泥含量的增加,栾树总生物量增多,生产力提高,当V(尾渣)∶V(尾泥)=3∶1时的栾树生产力与对照土壤中的栾树生产力相当.(3)从栾树各器官的Mn富集量、生物富集系数和转移系数来看,栾树不属于Mn超富集植物,但作为Mn的低积累植物,属于Mn的耐性树种,具有较强的适应性,可用于锰矿废弃地的植物稳定修复.     

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics, element contents, mineral compositions, and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity, and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes, which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However, heavy metal contents, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn in the ashes, were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil pH, exchangeable base cations, and available phosphorus, but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore, the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.     

Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros sylvatica

The current research study focuses to formulate the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for the first time from silver acetate using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros sylvatica, a member of family Ebenaceae. TEM analysis revealed the average diameter of Ag NPs around 8 nm which is in good agreement with the average crystallite size (10 nm) calculated from X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Further the study has been extended to the antimicrobial activity against test pathogenic Gram (+) ve, Gram (−) ve bacterial and fungal strains. The bioinspired Ag-NP showed promising activity against all the tested bacterial strains and the activity was enhanced with increased dosage levels.     

镍铁合金/铁包云母粉复合吸波涂层材料的频散特性

目的探究不同质量分数配比的镍铁合金/铁包云母粉复合吸波涂层材料的频散特性。方法利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察镍铁合金和铁包云母粉的微观形貌,并使用仪器附带的能谱分析仪对样品所选区域的各元素含量进行测量。用矢量网络分析仪研究了不同质量分数下的镍铁合金/石蜡、铁包云母粉/石蜡同轴样品的介电常数与磁导率。用弓形法测试在2~18 GHz频段内镍铁合金和铁包云母粉以不同质量比加入环氧树脂-聚酰胺体系中制备的不同厚度的单层吸波涂层的反射损耗。结果镍铁合金频散特性较好,对电磁波损耗较大,将其作为吸波涂层的填料,减少吸收剂的用量同时降低了涂层的厚度。铁包云母粉的介电常数的实部较低,与自由空间的阻抗匹配较好,拓宽了吸波频带。镍铁合金和铁包云母粉作为填料,以质量分数30%/30%制备厚度1.2 mm的单层吸波涂层,在2~18 GHz其最小反射值达到了-21.8 d B,小于-10 d B的带宽达到10.5 GHz。结论镍铁合金与铁包云母粉以合适质量比复合,制备的吸波涂层材料厚度薄、吸波频带宽。     

基于观测的臭氧污染研究方法

总结了国内外研究中常用的基于外场观测的臭氧污染成因分析方法。区域传输和本地生成的相对贡献以及臭氧与前体物的非线性关系是研究臭氧污染和制定控制对策的两个关键科学问题。基于对观测数据的分析,常见的量化区域传输和本地生成贡献的方法包括背景点测量法、TCEQ区域背景臭氧估算法和主成分分析区域背景臭氧估算法;用于诊断臭氧光化学生成机制的方法包括光化学指示剂比值法和基于观测的化学模型。本文对上述方法的原理和应用情况进行了总结,并对其优缺点和适用条件进行了评述,以期为环境监测资料的深入科学分析提供参考和借鉴。     

地形、树种和土壤属性对喀斯特山区土壤胞外酶活性的影响

土壤胞外酶在生态系统生物地球化学循环过程中扮演着重要角色,然而关于土壤胞外酶活性的主控因子研究还不够深入,特别是在偏碱性的钙质土壤区域相关研究尤其缺乏.本研究以典型喀斯特山区(木论国家级自然保护区)的林地为研究对象,采集不同地形条件(不同坡位和坡向)、不同树种(厚壳桂和伞花木)下的表层土壤(0~15 cm),测定了与碳、氮、磷循环相关的6种水解酶的活性及相关土壤理化性质.研究运用方差分解,并结合多响应置换过程以及冗余分析技术分析了地形、树种和土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,坡位对土壤酶活性有显著影响.树种和坡向对土壤酶活性的影响不显著.方差分解结果表明,地形、树种和土壤理化性质共同解释了土壤酶活性变化的55.3%,其中土壤因子是影响酶活性改变的主要因子,解释了44.2%的变异.而冗余分析的结果进一步表明在土壤因子中,pH、总氮和无机氮是影响土壤酶活性变化的主要指标.研究首次量化了喀斯特地区小尺度内地形、树种及土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性变化的影响.研究也说明了在喀斯特山区小尺度内土壤酶活性的变化可由土壤理化性质来表征.     

智能化曝气控制A/O工艺活性污泥特性演化对内源反硝化脱氮的作用机制

将新型智能化曝气控制系统（automatic oxygen supply device,AOSD）应用于A/O工艺中,对比分析AOSD系统曝气模式控制下的A/O工艺（I-A/O）与常规曝气模式A/O工艺（C-A/O）对活性污泥驯化作用、微生物菌群的分布影响,深入探讨I-A/O活性污泥特性演化对内源反硝化脱氮的作用机制.结果表明I-A/O系统出水NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N出现一定积累效应,活性污泥在驯化过程中表现为更为显著的微膨胀,在外源碳素充盈状况下能更充分地将污泥混合液中的溶解性COD（SCOD）富集,将其转化为糖原（Gly）,并在外源碳素供应匮乏的状况下激发内源反硝化脱氮反应,内源反硝化速率（EDNR）平均可达0.83 mg·（L·h）^-1,超过C-A/O水平.通过Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对两系统污泥微生物群落结构解析：两系统污泥微生物群落多样性评估区别不明显,而I-A/O污泥中Candidate division TM7大量增殖是构成其丝状菌污泥微膨胀、Gly贮存能力提高的优势功能菌.AOSD的供氧模式使活性污泥特性与微生物群落在适应新环境上发生了特异性变化,好氧异养菌代谢活性下降,内源反硝化脱氮途径的强化使I-A/O实现了一种总体低氧需求的动态平衡状态.     

三氯乙醛的光降解反应研究

研究了太阳光照下,水溶液中FeC l3-三氯乙醛的光化学反应速率,采用紫外分光光度计定时对含有不同浓度Fe（Ⅲ）的溶液进行实验测定,并根据三氯乙醛标准溶液曲线进行分析。实验结果表明,在波长为480nm的紫外光照射下：室内自然光下含有Fe（Ⅲ）和室外太阳光下不含Fe（Ⅲ）的三氯乙醛溶液中,三氯乙醛的浓度基本保持不变;但在室外太阳光下含有Fe（Ⅲ）的三氯乙醛溶液中,三氯乙醛的浓度随着Fe（Ⅲ）浓度的增加而减小。由此表明,Fe（Ⅲ）是三氯乙醛光化学反应的催化剂,FeC l3-三氯乙醛的光化学反应随着Fe（Ⅲ）浓度的增加而加快。