Cu2O光催化氧化降解对氯硝基苯

Cu_2O光催化氧化降解对氯硝基苯@黄智$南京大学环境学院,污染控制与资源化国家重点实验室!南京,210093 @张爱茜$南京大学环境学院,污染控制与资源化国家重点实验室!南京,210093 @韩朔暌$南京大学环境学院,污染控制与资源化国家重点实验室!南京,210093 @魏钟波$南京     

农药在光照土壤层的迁移和降解

光照条件下 ,农药在土壤层中的降解速率不仅决定于光解本身 ,而且还是土层厚度、迁移过程的函数 .为此 ,描述了理解这些不同过程复合效果的理论框架 ,提出了允许实际光解过程和扩散过程分离定量的实验方案 ,同时进行了除草剂苄嘧磺隆在不同厚度土壤中的光解实验 ,并用数学模型评价了实验结果 .实验中确定了苄嘧磺隆在土壤中的实际光解速率常数 ,这个常数是不依赖于迁移动力学的 .     

太阳光对湖泊中有机污染物降解的研究进展

论述了太阳光对湖泊水体中有机污染物降解作用的研究,就其降解机理、动力学特征、作用对象及降解产物等作了逐一介绍.阐明了太阳光对生物降解湖泊水体中有机污染物具有协同作用,也概述了光降解作用受pH、溶解性有机物(DOM)、水深与水体运动、地理、水文、水质与气候等因素的影响.并对实验室模拟条件下的降解与自然条件下的降解进行对比,提出今后该领域的发展前景与研究方向.     

纳米TiO2改性可见光催化降解有机物研究进展

光催化降解水中有机污染物是一项颇有发展前途的废水处理技术.目前主要的研究工作由紫外光逐步向可见光催化方向发展,使这项技术向实用性又迈进了一步.系统介绍了纳米TiO2的光催化降解有机污染物的原理,光催化处理水的现状,并从离子掺杂、表面光敏化和分子筛负载几个方面综述了可见光化的研究现状和发展方向.     

Photodegradation of halobenzenes in water ice

Results from the photolysis of o, p-dichlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and p-dibromobenzene in water ice are reported. All phototransformations appeared to be based on dehalogenation, coupling, and rearrangement reactions in ice cavities. No photosolvolysis products, i.e. products from intermolecular reactions between organic and water molecules, were found. Many of the products were very toxic substances of a high environmental risk, such as PCBs. The results support our model, in which secondary, very toxic, pollutants can be formed in ice, snow, and atmospheric ice particles from primary pollutants through the action of solar irradiation. The photoproducts may be released to the environment by ice melting and evaporation.     

Sensitized photooxygenation of the fungicide furalaxyl

BACKGROUND: The photolysis of pesticides is of high current interest since light is one of the most important abiotic factors which are responsible for the environmental fate of these substances and may induce their conversion into noxious products. The action of light can also be mediated by oxygen and synthetic or naturally occurring substances which act as sensitizers. Our objective in this study was to investigate the photochemical behaviour of the systemic fungicide furalaxyl in the presence of oxygen and various sensitizers, and to compare the toxicity of the main photoproduct(s) to that of the parent compound. Previous reports on the direct photolysis of the pesticide demonstrated a very slow degradation and the only identified photoproducts were N-2,6-xylyl-D,L-alaninare and 2,6-dimethylaniline. METHODS: Solutions of furalaxyl in CH3CN were photooxygenate using a 500W high-pressure mercury lamp (through a Pyrex glass filter, lambda>300 nm) or a 650W halogen lamp or sunlight and the proper sensitizer. When sunlight was used, aqueous solutions were employed. The photodegradation was checked by NMR and/or GC-MS. The photoproducts were spectroscopically evidenced and, when possible, isolated chromatographically. Acute toxicity tests were performed on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, the crustacean cladoceran Daphnia magna and the anostracan Thamnocephalus platyurus, while chronic toxicity tests (sublethal endpoints) comprised a producer, the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia, as a consumer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In the presence of both oxygen and sensitizer, furalaxyl underwent rapid photochemical transformations mainly to N-disubstituted formamide, maleic anhydride and a 2(5H)-furanone derivative. The formation of these products was rationalized in terms of a furan endoperoxide intermediate derived from the reaction of furalaxyl with active dioxygenated species (singlet oxygen, superoxide anion or ground state oxygen). The 2(5H)-furanone exhibited a higher toxicity than the parent compound. CONCLUSION: This work reports the first data on the photosensitized oxygenation of furalaxyl with evidence of the high tendency of the pesticide to undergo photodegradation under these conditions leading, among other things, to a 2(5H)-furanone, which is more toxic than the starting furalaxyl towards aquatic organisms. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Investigation highlights that the photolytic fate of a pesticide, although quite stable to direct photoreaction due to its low absorption of solar radiation at ground level, can be significantly influenced in the environment by the presence of substances with energy or electron-transfer properties as natural dyes, e.g. chlorophyll, or synthetic pollutants, e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).     

克螨特和霸螨灵及其混剂在水中的光降解

研究了克螨特、霸螨灵在几种水体中的光降解以及 2种农药之间的光敏化或光猝灭效应。结果表明 ,在 3 0 0W高压汞灯光照处理时 (试验试管距光源 8cm) ,克螨特和霸螨灵都极易降解 ,克螨特的光解半衰期为 9.0 6min ,霸螨灵的光解半衰期仅为 1 .4 8min。克螨特在不同水体中的光解率为 :重蒸馏水 >鱼塘水 >河水 >井水 ,霸螨灵的光解率为 :井水 >重蒸馏水 >鱼塘水 >河水 ;2种农药在现采水、过滤水、灭菌水中的光解率依次降低。克螨特和霸螨灵混剂在重蒸馏水中互为光猝灭剂 ,在井水、河水和塘水中霸螨灵对克螨特有极显著的光敏化作用 ,而克螨特对霸螨灵有极显著的光猝灭效应。克螨特、霸螨灵在pH 5和 pH 9缓冲液中光解率比之在 pH 7缓冲液中稍快 ,光猝灭效应也较强烈。在重蒸馏水中太阳光照处理时 ,克螨特和霸螨灵互为光敏剂 ,而高压汞灯下则互为光猝灭剂。     

用紫外光去除水中的二苯甲酮的研究

二苯甲酮广泛应用于医日用化工等领域,对生物机体具有重要影响,研究通过室内分析的方法,以185 nm紫外灯为光源,研究了水中的二苯甲酮在185 nm紫外光照射下的降解行为及浓度、体积、流速、pH等因素对二苯甲酮的降解效果的影响。结果表明：185 nmUV对二苯甲酮溶液有很好的降解效果,可以迅速将其降解为小分子有机物直至无机物,185 nm紫外灯为光源降解水中的二苯甲酮符合准一级动力学规律。 pH值对反应速率有很大的影响,185 nmUV对二苯甲酮溶液的TOC浓度有较好的降低效果。这种方法对水中二苯甲酮的去除率最好能够达到99％以上,是一种非常有效的去除水中二苯甲酮的方法。     

氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星的水环境光化学转化:pH值及溶解性物质的影响

在模拟日光照射下,考察了氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星在纯水和天然水中的光降解行为,结果表明,氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星的光降解随p H增加(p H=4—10)先增快后减慢,两种抗生素以两性离子形态存在时光解最快.氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星在天然水中的光降解显著慢于其在相似p H条件下(p H=8)纯水中的光降解,天然水中的溶解性物质对两种抗生素的光降解总体表现为抑制作用.以Suwannee河富里酸为例,研究了溶解性有机质(DOM)的影响机制,发现淡水中高浓度的DOM主要通过竞争光吸收抑制氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星的光解,而海水中低浓度的DOM可以通过淬灭活性物种抑制两种抗生素的光解.天然水中的金属阳离子(Ca2+和Fe3+)和NO-3分别通过配位作用和光致生成·OH影响氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星的降解.由此可见,氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星在天然水中的光化学行为依赖于水体p H值和溶解性物质的综合影响.