阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺在离子交换膜上的吸附规律

研究了阴离子交换膜对阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺的吸附规律和影响因素.采用静态吸附的方法,测定了不同温度、不同浓度的阴离子型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)溶液在阴离子交换膜上的吸附量、吸附平衡时间,考察了初始HPAM溶液浓度、pH值以及溶液中其他离子浓度对其在离子交换膜上吸附的影响,目的是阐明阴离子交换膜对HPAM分子的吸附动力学过程、探讨各影响因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,阴离子型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺在阴离子交换膜上有明显的吸附作用,但在阳离子交换膜上吸附量几乎为0;阴离子交换膜对聚合物的吸附平衡时间随聚合物溶液初始浓度的增大而延长,且不同浓度、不同温度下的吸附过程动力学特征都能很好地遵循准二级动力学模型;303、308和313 K温度下,阴离子交换膜对聚合物的等温吸附可用Freundlich等温吸附模型很好地拟合,相关系数R2均达到0.99以上,温度越高,吸附量越大;聚合物溶液pH值和离子浓度对吸附效果有显著影响:pH=6时,吸附量达到最大值;吸附量随着离子浓度的增加而增大.     

鸡粪与猪粪所含土霉素在土壤中降解的动态变化及原因分析

采用室内模拟培养实验,研究不同用量鸡粪与猪粪所含土霉素在土壤中降解的动态变化规律及消解途径.结果表明,畜禽粪便中土霉素在土壤中能迅速进入降解期,含量变化呈"L"型,但不同粪肥种类和用量处理的降解率和变化幅度有显著差异(P<0.05).180 d时,鸡粪处理土壤中OTC的降解率高于猪粪处理,半衰期分别为26.98 d和31.32 d.低用量鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤中OTC降解率最大,对应分别可达84.06%和80.47%.降解率与畜禽粪便用量呈负相关,与时间呈正相关且可用v=A+Blnt回归方程拟合(r>0.96).土霉素进入土壤50 d时,光降解量占减少总量的20.03%,下降了25.05%;微生物降解量占3.16%,增加了2.50%.可见,鸡粪所含土霉素在土壤中的降解情况好于猪粪,光照对土壤中土霉素有较好的降解作用,土壤微生物降解作用很小,且随着培养时间的延长,微生物降解增加,光降解减弱.     

海州湾及其临近海域沉积物-水界面的磷形态特征与动力学

对海州湾采集的沉积物样品进行磷形态分析,采用实验室培养法对采集的海州湾取样站位进行磷酸盐沉积物-水界面交换研究。结果表明:海州湾及其临近海域表层沉积物磷呈现出从近海海域向远海海域增大的趋势;Fe-P、F-P、R-P均与S-P显著相关,其中F-P和R-P与S-P相关性最好,达极显著水平,且F-P和R-P显著相关,说明F-P和R-P与陆源污染物排放有关,F-P和R-P在来源上具有一致性;海域中的PO43--P在大部分的站位PO43--P在沉积物-海水界面上的交换量随时间的变化,先增加到最大值后再逐渐减小,表明在培养实验的初期,PO43--P由沉积物向海水中释放,然后海水中的PO43--P向沉积物转移,随着时间的推移,沉积物中的PO43--P向海水中转移,少部分的站位PO43--P在沉积物-海水界面上的交换量随时间的变化,呈现出S型变化;当生物存在时,PO43--P在实验站位点沉积物-海水界面上的交换量都随时间的推移逐渐增大,达到最大值后再逐渐减小;没有生物存在时,PO43--P在实验站位点沉积物-海水界面上的交换量都随时间的增加,呈现出S型增加,说明生物扰动和微生物的分解作用对PO43--P沉积物-海水界面上的交换量有较大影响。     

分子动力学中应变分析的统计矩方法及应用

分子动力学模拟研究金属的力学性质,需要采用合适的应变分析方法研究金属的变形特征及其演化规律.金属材料复杂变形的局部应变特征缺乏简便有效的分析手段,整体变形也没有合适的描述方法.本文提出分子动力学中应变分析的统计矩方法,通过统计矩建立了微观量和宏观应变的关联.在单晶单轴加载、纳米多晶剪切和冲击加载下的应用表明,矩应变分析方法可以很好的描述和评估材料的局部变形和整体变形特征,并通过应变不均匀度鉴别材料的局部塑性变形和弹性变形,是深入研究复杂结构材料变形机理的一种有效的通用分析方法.     

基于化学反应动力学机理的中等尺寸甲烷湍流扩散火焰的数值模拟

通过代码修改,在大涡模拟(LES)中嵌入气相化学反应速率、组分热力学性质和输运特性三大机理文件,严格意义上实现甲烷燃烧的四步简化机理与火灾动力学模拟软件(FDS)的成功对接。燃烧模型采用针对多组分燃料的涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,模拟0.3m直径的甲烷湍流扩散火焰,并分别与基于无限快反应速率的总包单步和两步化学反应预测结果对比。分析预测结果可知:四步机理能够很好的适应FDS框架,其模拟结果具有可靠性,时均温度、速度和主要反应物的预测结果高度一致;机理导入后可以预测CO2、H2O以及中间产物CO和H2的浓度,更合理地描述了火灾中气相产物的产生与输运过程。不同反应机制下主产物CO2和H2O浓度对比结果理想,在高温反应区内存在一定的差异,在高温反应区外呈现出高度的一致性。     

基于系统仿真的提升赣江流域水生态承载力的方案设计

保护和改善流域水生态环境已成为环保工作的重要内容和科学研究的重要课题.基于承载力理论和复合生态系统理论,构建了赣江流域水生态承载力系统的概念模型、主导结构模型和系统动力学模型.以2000—2030年为系统仿真区间,仿真结果表明,到2016年赣江流域水生态承载力达到上限,此时可承载人口规模为2566万人,可承载经济规模为11034亿元.赣江流域水生态承载力现状不容乐观,需采取一定的措施.以"节流"、"控污"、"治污"为问题导向,基于"供给管理需求管理"、"末端治理根源治理"、"观念调节行为调节"等公共政策设计的不同视角,初步提出了提升水生态承载力的27个政策干预点,通过政策干预点对系统作用的灵敏性检验,基于识别出的16个灵敏政策干预点,设计了提升赣江流域水生态承载力的综合发展方案.仿真结果表明,到2029年(推后13年)赣江流域水生态承载力达到上限,此时可承载人口规模为2702万人(提升了5.3001%),可承载经济规模为28547亿元(提升了158.7185%).降低人口增长和经济发展速度,提高技术进步和优化产业结构是提升赣江流域水生态承载力的重要途径.     

Experimental and molecular dynamic simulation study of perfluorooctane sulfonate adsorption on soil and sediment components

Soil and sediment play a crucial role in the fate and transport of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the environment. However, the molecular mechanisms of major soil/sediment components on PFOS adsorption remain unclear. This study experimentally isolated three major components in soil/sediment: humin/kerogen, humic/fulvic acid (HA/FA), and inorganic component after removing organics, and explored their contributions to PFOS adsorption using batch adsorption experiments and molecular dynamic simulations. The results suggest that the humin/kerogen component dominated the PFOS adsorption due to its aliphatic featureswhere hydrophobic effect and phase transfer are the primary adsorptionmechanism. Compared with the humin/kerogen, the HA/FA component contributed less to the PFOS adsorption because of its hydrophilic and polar characteristics. The electrostatic repulsion between the polar groups of HA/FA and PFOS anions was attributable to the reduced PFOS adsorption.When the soil organicmatterwas extracted, the inorganic component also plays a non-negligible role because PFOS molecules might form surface complexes on SiO₂ surface. The findings obtained in this study illustrate the contribution of organic matters in soils and sediments to PFOS adsorption and provided newperspective to understanding the adsorption process of PFOS on micro-interface in the environment.     

Organisational aspects of public engagement in European energy infrastructure planning: the case of early-stage CCS projects

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of studies on public perceptions of carbon capture and storage (CCS), accompanied by efforts to translate such knowledge into toolkits for public engagement and communication. At the same time, both literature and toolkits have paid little attention to the organisational dynamics and views of project implementers with regard to public engagement. Here we investigate the views of project development consortia employees in five European CCS projects, focusing on their experience of organisational norms and structures relating to engagement. Finding that planning for this engagement has, in several cases, been hampered by a lack of shared internal vision on engagement and communication within the project consortia, at least initially, we draw upon the socio-technical approach to technology embedment and new institutional theory, to observe that internal organisational alignment is crucial in multi-organisational projects when seeking effective public engagement and communication. We observe that this aspect of internal organisation is not yet reflected in the toolkits and guidelines designed to aid engagement in CCS projects. Engagement guides need to direct the attention of project implementers not only in specific outward directions, but also towards reflexively considering their own internal structures, perspectives, motivations, expectations and aims in relation to engagement and communication practice.     

The System Dynamics of Nuclear Energy in Singapore

In this article, a system dynamics model is developed to study the complex issues involving nuclear energy in Singapore by assessing four essential aspects, namely (1) Economic, (2) Environment, (3) Social, and (4) Political in various scenarios. The first factor juxtaposes the monetary benefit from deploying nuclear energy with the current situation. The second deals with carbon dioxide emission, nuclear waste, and thermal pollution from nuclear power plant. The third part discusses the safety and social acceptance toward nuclear project, and the last section analyzes the political stability in provision of nuclear energy advent. The proposed system dynamic model incorporates all four components that allow us to run sensitivity analysis based on various scenarios and enables us to gain insight in how each domain evolves with time. Based on the model, we present advantages and disadvantages of possessing nuclear power plants in Singapore and suggest remedies to rectify the drawbacks.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of constant volume dust and gas explosions in a 3.6-m flame acceleration tube

This paper describes an experimental investigation of turbulent flame propagation in propane-air mixtures, and in mechanical suspensions of maize starch dispersed in air, in a closed vessel of length 3.6 m and internal cross-section 0.27 m × 0.27 m. The primary motivation for the work is to gain improved understanding of turbulent flame propagation in dust clouds, with a view to develop improved models and methods for assessing explosion risks in the process and mining industries. The study includes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with FLACS and DESC, for gas and dust explosions respectively. For initially quiescent propane-air mixtures, FLACS over-predicts the rate of combustion for fuel-lean mixtures, and under-predicts for fuel-rich mixtures. The simulations tend to be in better agreement with the experimental results for initially turbulent gaseous mixtures. The experimental results for maize starch vary significantly between repeated tests, but the subset of tests that yields the highest explosion pressures are in reasonable agreement with CFD simulations with DESC.