海州湾及其临近海域沉积物-水界面的磷形态特征与动力学

对海州湾采集的沉积物样品进行磷形态分析,采用实验室培养法对采集的海州湾取样站位进行磷酸盐沉积物-水界面交换研究。结果表明:海州湾及其临近海域表层沉积物磷呈现出从近海海域向远海海域增大的趋势;Fe-P、F-P、R-P均与S-P显著相关,其中F-P和R-P与S-P相关性最好,达极显著水平,且F-P和R-P显著相关,说明F-P和R-P与陆源污染物排放有关,F-P和R-P在来源上具有一致性;海域中的PO43--P在大部分的站位PO43--P在沉积物-海水界面上的交换量随时间的变化,先增加到最大值后再逐渐减小,表明在培养实验的初期,PO43--P由沉积物向海水中释放,然后海水中的PO43--P向沉积物转移,随着时间的推移,沉积物中的PO43--P向海水中转移,少部分的站位PO43--P在沉积物-海水界面上的交换量随时间的变化,呈现出S型变化;当生物存在时,PO43--P在实验站位点沉积物-海水界面上的交换量都随时间的推移逐渐增大,达到最大值后再逐渐减小;没有生物存在时,PO43--P在实验站位点沉积物-海水界面上的交换量都随时间的增加,呈现出S型增加,说明生物扰动和微生物的分解作用对PO43--P沉积物-海水界面上的交换量有较大影响。     

鸡粪与猪粪所含土霉素在土壤中降解的动态变化及原因分析

采用室内模拟培养实验,研究不同用量鸡粪与猪粪所含土霉素在土壤中降解的动态变化规律及消解途径.结果表明,畜禽粪便中土霉素在土壤中能迅速进入降解期,含量变化呈"L"型,但不同粪肥种类和用量处理的降解率和变化幅度有显著差异(P<0.05).180 d时,鸡粪处理土壤中OTC的降解率高于猪粪处理,半衰期分别为26.98 d和31.32 d.低用量鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤中OTC降解率最大,对应分别可达84.06%和80.47%.降解率与畜禽粪便用量呈负相关,与时间呈正相关且可用v=A+Blnt回归方程拟合(r>0.96).土霉素进入土壤50 d时,光降解量占减少总量的20.03%,下降了25.05%;微生物降解量占3.16%,增加了2.50%.可见,鸡粪所含土霉素在土壤中的降解情况好于猪粪,光照对土壤中土霉素有较好的降解作用,土壤微生物降解作用很小,且随着培养时间的延长,微生物降解增加,光降解减弱.     

阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺在离子交换膜上的吸附规律

研究了阴离子交换膜对阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺的吸附规律和影响因素.采用静态吸附的方法,测定了不同温度、不同浓度的阴离子型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)溶液在阴离子交换膜上的吸附量、吸附平衡时间,考察了初始HPAM溶液浓度、pH值以及溶液中其他离子浓度对其在离子交换膜上吸附的影响,目的是阐明阴离子交换膜对HPAM分子的吸附动力学过程、探讨各影响因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,阴离子型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺在阴离子交换膜上有明显的吸附作用,但在阳离子交换膜上吸附量几乎为0;阴离子交换膜对聚合物的吸附平衡时间随聚合物溶液初始浓度的增大而延长,且不同浓度、不同温度下的吸附过程动力学特征都能很好地遵循准二级动力学模型;303、308和313 K温度下,阴离子交换膜对聚合物的等温吸附可用Freundlich等温吸附模型很好地拟合,相关系数R2均达到0.99以上,温度越高,吸附量越大;聚合物溶液pH值和离子浓度对吸附效果有显著影响:pH=6时,吸附量达到最大值;吸附量随着离子浓度的增加而增大.     

植物修复过程中蜈蚣草对土壤养分的吸收动态:5年田间定位试验

鉴于砷超富集植物蜈蚣草已被成功地用于修复砷污染土壤,本研究通过连续5年的植物修复田间试验,研究了土壤氮、磷、钾的消减动态和蜈蚣草对土壤氮、磷和钾的吸收动态.结果表明:种植蜈蚣草可使土壤全氮含量降低约25%(2100～2700mg.kg-1),土壤全磷和全钾含量的年际变化不明显;蜈蚣草地上部氮、磷和钾含量分别为1.23～2.38、0.14～0.47和1.10～2.01g.kg-1,地上部带走的总氮、总磷和总钾量分别为23～89、4.4～13.0和21～69kg.hm-2.a-1;与水稻和小麦相比,蜈蚣草对氮、磷和钾的吸收量都较低,但如果在连续种植过程中不施肥,蜈蚣草则可能会出现养分亏缺问题.     

湿地景观格局演变与生态安全响应——以福州市浦下洲区域及周边湿地为例

利用航空卫星图片与野外调查数据对福州浦下洲区域及周边景观格局动态变化及其生态安全响应过程进行研究.结果表明:浦下洲区域及周边湿地近20年来人类干扰作用持续加强,各种湿地景观类型破碎化程度加大;景观组分的变化过程对湿地生态系统的功能和稳定性产生了重要影响,大部分湿地生态功能已经丧失.     

井喷事故H2S扩散环境三维建模与仿真

针对四川某地井喷事故H2S气体泄漏扩散问题,建立了井喷事故发生地复杂地形的三维模型,并进行了仿真模拟计算.     

Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.     

缺磷胁迫后四尾栅藻在富磷环境中对磷的吸收动力学

研究了四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)受到不同程度缺磷胁迫后在富磷培养基中吸收磷的短期动力学过程,分析了磷在基质、细胞表面和细胞内的迁移变化过程.结果表明:经过0,30和60 h磷饥饿处理后的藻细胞,单个细胞内的磷含量分别为5.64×10-9,5.52×10-9和2.71×10-9mg;其在富磷培养基中的最大磷吸收速率分别为0.047×10-9,0.098×10-9和0.045×10-9mg/m in(以单细胞计);稳定时单个细胞内的磷含量分别为5.60×10-9,7.07×10-9和4.20×10-9mg.经0 h饥饿处理后的藻细胞在移入富磷培养基后短时间内出现明显的内磷释放过程,经30 h饥饿处理后的藻细胞对磷的"奢侈"吸收现象明显.此外,四尾栅藻细胞表面存在较明显的磷吸附现象,在磷充足环境中吸附量约占细胞总磷(表面吸附磷+细胞内磷)含量的1/10.     

Microbial community structure in an integrated A/O reactor treating diluted livestock wastewater during start-up period

In order to investigate the correlation between reactor performance and the microorganisms, an integrated A/O reactor was operated for 72 days to treat diluted livestock wastewater. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal e ciency increased from 79% to 94%, with total nitrogen (TN) removal e ciency from 37% to 50% (HRT 7.4 hr) when the influent COD and TN were ca. 1500 mg/L and 95 mg/L, respectively, and the outlet COD concentration was less than 100 mg/L at the end. Microbial community was monitored during start-up period by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on 16S rRNA gene. DGGE profiles showed that microbial community had changed significantly during the start-up and these shifts were in accordance with the reactor performance. UPGMA clustering analysis showed that 14 anaerobic samples fell into five main groups and so did the aerobic ones, but the grouping patterns were di erent. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that microbial populations in the anaerobic compartment belonged to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes, while Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiae and Nitrospira were present in the aerobic compartment. In the anaerobic compartment, more fermentative and acetogenic bacteria were detected during the start-up while denitrifying bacteria faded away. Two functional populations such as Nitrospira defluvii and Dechloromonas denitrificans were observed when nitrogen removal was high, indicating that simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in the aerobic compartment.     

灭蝇胺及其代谢物三聚氰胺在银耳及银耳培养料中的消解和残留

为了研究灭蝇胺在银耳及银耳培养料中的降解残留规律,建立了同时测定银耳、银耳培养料中灭蝇胺和三聚氰胺残留量的高效液相色谱法,测得灭蝇胺在银耳和银耳培养料中的平均回收率为81.9%—95.5%,三聚氰胺在银耳和银耳培养料中的平均回收率为80.8%—98.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于9.0%.田间试验结果表明,灭蝇胺在降解过程中可转化为三聚氰胺;灭蝇胺和三聚氰胺在银耳培养料中的降解半衰期分别为5.5 d、34.9 d;推荐剂量低浓度直接对银耳子实体施药,灭蝇胺在银耳中的降解半衰期为5.3 d,银耳采收时灭蝇胺的残留量为0.39 mg.kg-1,三聚氰胺的残留量为0.32 mg.kg-1;菌袋扩穴后按推荐剂量高浓度对菌袋施药,灭蝇胺在银耳中的降解半衰期为5.6 d,银耳采收时灭蝇胺残留量别为0.14 mg.kg-1,三聚氰胺的残留量为0.15 mg.kg-1.两种施药方式,银耳中三聚氰胺的残留量均符合我国残留限量的要求,灭蝇胺的残留量符合日本肯定列表制度要求.