卤代脂肪烃鱼类急性毒性QSAR模型研究

采用量子化学方法对27个卤代烃化合物进行结构优化和频率分析计算,提取其组成、拓扑、几何、静电和量子化学等结构参数描述符,运用启发式方法筛选最佳的结构参数,并建立黑头呆鱼急性毒性线性回归模型和非线性的支持向量机回归模型.模型方程表明卤代烃化合物导致黑头呆鱼的急性毒性可以应用KH1、IC0、EHOMO-LUMO三个参数解释,几何形状,疏水性能和反应活性是影响鱼类急性毒性的主要因素.两个模型均具有较强的模型稳定性、预测性和可信性,可用于准确预测卤代烃在鱼体内的急性毒性.     

住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对天津市13户家庭住宅冬季和夏季26个室内降尘样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP)进行提取分离,并采用气相色谱-质谱定量分析,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯污染变化特征和暴露风险.结果表明,冬夏两季,室内降尘样品均以DEHP 浓度最大,DBP第二,且DBP 和DEHP之和占ΣPAEs 的比例达到80.0%以上;冬季,各采样点6种邻苯二甲酸酯总含量(∑PAEs)浓度在1.498~32.587μg/g之间,平均浓度为(6.772±8.154)μg/g;夏季,∑PAEs浓度在1.981~40.041μg/g之间,平均浓度为(13.406±12.911) μg/g;PAEs浓度季节变化差异显著,夏季降尘样品中PAEs浓度高于冬季.暴露评价显示儿童和成人的夏季邻苯二甲酸酯总暴露量均大于冬季;经口暴露水平大于皮肤;平均儿童的暴露水平是成人的10倍左右;成人和儿童对4种物质(DBP、DEHP、DEP、BBP)的总暴露量最大值均出现在夏季;天津室内降尘暴露量与我国6城市室内降尘总暴露水平相当(除DEHP外),与德国和美国的暴露水平相比,天津儿童和成人的暴露量偏小.但是,室内环境中PAEs污染对人体健康的影响仍要引起重视,尤其是对低龄儿童的健康危害.     

Synthesis of cellulose-fatty acid esters for use as biodegradable plastics

Long-chain fatty acid carbohydrate esters (FACE) were synthesized by the acid chloride-pyridine reaction to different degrees of substitution (DS). The hydrolyzed soybean oil was used as the source of unsaturated fatty acids. High molecular weight FACE polymers are insoluble in common solvents, such as benzene, toluene, THF, etc., and are highly water resistant. However, FACE polymers of hydrolyzed cellulose (MW 180 kD) are soluble/swellable in toluene and can be cast into tough, flexible films. FACE polymer properties of tensile strength and clasticity vary with degree of substitution and polymer size.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters onto Liquefied Biomass

Ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters (-caprolactone, -valerolactone, and l-lactide) onto liquefied biomass (LB) was conducted to obtain the polyester-type polyol and to regulate the characteristics of LB. IR and ¹H-NMR spectra of the obtained polyol showed that the polymerization was successfully conducted in the presence of acid catalyst, which is used in liquefaction. The molecular weight (M_w), hydroxyl value, and viscosity were controllable by changing the reaction conditions. Polyester-type polyurethane foams with a wide range of properties were prepared from the obtained polyol with the appropriate combinations of foaming agents.     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的人群暴露和甲状腺毒性的研究进展

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)是使用最为广泛的有机磷阻燃剂,并兼具增塑剂、消泡剂和萃取剂等功能,被广泛用于电子产品、建筑材料和塑料材料等中,导致其在环境介质中普遍存在,对生态系统和人体健康构成巨大威胁.作为一种新型环境污染物,OPEs的人群暴露特征和生物毒性成为环境健康领域的研究热...     

Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units in municipal wastewater treatment plant

● Reduce the quantifying MPs time by using Nile red staining. ● The removal rate of MPs and PAEs in wastewater and sludge were investigated. ● MPs and PAEs were firstly analyzed during thermal hydrolysis treatment. ● The removal of PAEs from wastewater and sludge was mainly biodegradation. Microplastics (MPs) and plasticizers, such as phthalate esters (PAEs), were frequently detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP). Previous research mainly studied the removal of MPs and PAEs in wastewater. However, the occurrence of MPs and PAEs in the sludge was generally ignored. To comprehensively investigate the occurrence and the migration behaviors of MPs and PAEs in MWTP, a series of representative parameters including the number, size, color, shape of MPs, and the concentrations of PAEs in wastewater and sludge were systematically investigated. In this study, the concentrations of MPs in the influent and effluent were 15.46±0.37 and 0.30±0.14 particles/L. The MP removal efficiency of 98.1% was achieved and about 73.8% of MPs were accumulated in the sludge in the MWTP. The numbers of MPs in the sludge before and after digestion were 4.40±0.14 and 0.31±0.01 particles/g (dry sludge), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis showed that the main types of MPs were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). Six PAEs, including phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), ortho dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in the MWTP. The concentrations of total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in the influent and effluent were 76.66 and 6.28 µg/L, respectively. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in the sludge before and after digestion were 152.64 and 31.70 µg/g, respectively. In the process of thermal hydrolysis, the number and size of MPs decreased accompanied by the increase of the plasticizer concentration.     

滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中酞酸酯的污染现状与分布特征

2014年9月采集石家庄地区滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水水样,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定了US EPA优先控制的6种酞酸酯(PAEs),对PAEs分布特征与风险进行了分析.结果表明,研究区内51个点位仅1个点位未检出PAEs,检出的ΣPAEs范围为nd~28 873.1 ng·L~(-1),与国内其他研究区相比,研究区地下水中PAEs污染水平较重.PAEs及各组分的空间分布存在显著差异.3个地下水单元PAEs的平均污染水平总体表现为山间沟谷河谷裂隙孔隙水单元(G1)滹沱河冲洪积扇扇顶部孔隙水单元(G2)滹沱河冲洪积扇扇中部孔隙水单元(G3).在G2、G3单元共计39个点位中,有23个点位地下水中的PAEs以邻苯二甲酸甲酯(DMP)为主,而其余点位均因临近周边污染源,地下水中PAEs含量较高,且以邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸丁酯(DBP)为主.研究区人群饮用受PAEs污染地下水的总非致癌风险指数和总致癌风险指数范围分别为7.6×10-9~1.1×10-2、nd~1.2×10-6,均小于US EPA推荐的可接受的水平,风险较小.     

DEHP对哮喘模型大鼠气道高反应性和肺嗜酸性粒细胞浸润的影响

为探讨邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯[di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]在诱发哮喘和哮喘发病机理方面的作用,将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏组和DEHP染毒组,每组8只.用OVA致敏加激发的方法制作大鼠哮喘模型.DEHP染毒组分为2个组,每天分别给予0.7mg·kg-1和70mg·kg-1邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯灌胃,连续30d.OVA致敏组、DEHP染毒组大鼠均在第31d给予1%OVA雾化,诱发哮喘.第38d测定大鼠在不同氯化乙酰甲胆碱(MCH)剂量下的肺功能,进行支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)计数.结果显示,与OVA组相比,DEHP染毒组气道高反应性增强,嗜酸性粒细胞比例明显增多(P<0.01).因此,邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯可增强哮喘模型大鼠气道高反应性和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,可诱导哮喘的发生.     

酚类、烷基苯类、硝基苯类化合物和环境水样对剑尾鱼和稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性

测定了酚类、烷基苯类和硝基苯类的12种化学品,以及3个环境水样对剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫的96 h LC_O,96 h LC₅₀,96 h LC₁₀₀值.结果表明,剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫的幼鱼对化学品和环境水样的敏感性无显著性差异,对于化学品和环境水样,剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫是较为理想的毒性试验材料.      

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

采用梯度压力驯化法从河流沉积物中筛选到一株能够以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthalate,DMP)作为碳源和能源生长的菌株,命名为THF-2,对其进行16S r DNA扩增、T/A克隆后测序,菌株THF-2被鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)。研究了温度、初始p H值和表面活性剂对菌株THF-2降解DMP的效果,测定了邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)对菌株THF-2生长的影响,进而分析了菌株对不同质量浓度DMP的降解效果。结果表明,菌株在15~20℃对DMP具有良好的降解效果,最适温度为20℃;在p H=4~8范围,随p H值升高,DMP降解率增大,最佳p H值条件为8.0。在最适条件下,经过72h培养,菌株THF-2对质量浓度500 mg/L的DMP降解率达89.5%。不同表面活性剂对THF-2降解DMP的影响存在差异。添加质量分数1%非离子表面活性剂曲拉通X-100和吐温80,对THF-2降解DMP有一定的促进作用,但差异不显著(p0.05);当曲拉通X-100和吐温80添加质量分数为2%和3%时,降解作用受到抑制,降解率与添加量呈显著负相关(r=-0.98,p0.05)。添加离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)会抑制THF-2对DMP降解作用。DMP降解试验表明,当DMP质量浓度为100~500 mg/L时,THF-2对DMP的降解符合一级动力学方程模型,降解半衰期为13.92~27.08 h。因此,菌株THF-2可应用于低温地区及低温条件下DMP的生物处理。