生物炭的制备及其镁改性对污染物的吸附行为研究

以小麦和玉米秸秆为原料,于不同温度下制备了生物炭样品,并采用氯化镁(MgCl_2)、乙酸镁(Mg(CH_3COO)_2)和硝酸镁(Mg(NO_3)_2)对秸秆及其生物炭进行改性.通过分析各生物炭产率、pH、元素分析、比表面积、CEC、XRD及FT-IR,探究了生物炭理化性质的变化规律.各样品对氨氮、Pb(Ⅱ)及乙草胺的吸附试验结果表明:小麦秸秆经Mg(CH_3COO)_2改性后得到的生物炭的饱和吸附量最大;对3种吸附质的吸附过程均符合准二级吸附动力学方程;低浓度下吸附过程均可自发进行,对氨氮的吸附符合Langmuir模型且以离子交换作用为主,对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Freundlich模型且以离子交换作用为主,对乙草胺的吸附符合Langmuir模型且以分配、氢键和π-π电子受体供体作用为主.     

上海城市表土磁性特征对重金属污染的指示作用

选取上海市城市表土作为研究对象,结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,研究了上海市192件表土样品的磁性特征和重金属含量,并探讨了磁学参数指示重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,上海市表土磁化率平均值为187.66×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),亚铁磁性矿物占主导地位,颗粒较粗.上海市表土重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、Fe含量均超过背景值,属于轻度污染.重金属和磁学参数(磁化率、饱和等温剩磁)具有相似的空间分布,高值集中在宝山区和闵行区,低值集中在崇明区.工业生产和交通活动是上海市表土重金属、磁性矿物的主要来源.磁化率χlf指示污染负荷指数的半定量结果为:χlf38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤属于清洁状态,无污染;38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受轻度污染;258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受中度污染;χlf≥793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受重度污染.因此,磁学参数对城市表土重金属污染有着一定的指示意义.     

Examination of factors associated with use rates after transition from a universal to partial motorcycle helmet use law

Objectives: Motorcycle riders account for a disproportionately high number of traffic injuries and fatalities compared to occupants of other vehicle types. Though research has demonstrated the benefits of helmet use in preventing serious and fatal injuries in the event of a crash, helmet use has remained relatively stable in the United States, where the most recent national estimates show a 64% use rate. Use rates have been markedly lower among those states that do not have a universal helmet law for all riders. In 2012, the state of Michigan repealed its longstanding mandatory helmet use law. In order to gain insights as to the effects of this legislative change, a study was conducted to examine short-term changes in helmet use and identify factors associated with use rates.

Methods: A statewide direct observation survey was conducted 1 year after the transition from a universal helmet law to a partial helmet law. A random parameters logistic regression model was estimated to identify motorcyclist, roadway, and environmental characteristics associated with helmet use. This modeling framework accounts for both intravehicle correlation (between riders and passengers on the same motorcycle) as well as unobserved heterogeneity across riders due to important unobserved factors.

Results: Helmet use was shown to vary across demographic segments of the motorcyclist population. Use rates were higher among Caucasian riders, as well as among those age 60 and above. No significant difference was observed between male and female riders. Use was also found to vary geographically, temporally, and with respect to various environmental characteristics. Geographically, helmet use rates tended to be correlated with historical restraint use trends, which may be reflective of riding environment and general differences in the riding population. To this end, rates were also highly variable based upon the type of motorcycle and whether the motorcyclist was wearing high-visibility gear.

Conclusions: The study results demonstrate the short-term reduction in helmet use following transition from a universal to partial motorcycle helmet law. The reduction in use is somewhat less pronounced than has been experienced in other states, which may be reflective of general differences among Michigan motorcyclists because the state has also generally exhibited higher use rates of seat belts and other forms of occupant protection. The study results also highlight potential target areas for subsequent education and public awareness initiatives aimed at increasing helmet use.     

模拟酸雨对烤烟叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以烤烟为供试材料,采用土培盆栽的方法研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨(pH5.6、pH4.5、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0、pH2.5、pH2.0)对烤烟叶片叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:pH≥3.5处理的轻度酸雨对烤烟Chl.a含量影响不大,但pH≤3.5处理烤烟叶片Chl.b和总叶绿素含量显著下降.pH≤2.5模拟酸雨使烤烟叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ls)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压力亏缺(VPD)显著降低,使烤烟叶片的气孔限制值(Ls)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)显著升高,模拟酸雨使pH2.0处理烤烟叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)和pH2.5处理的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)显著降低.pH≥3.5处理的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭(qP)与对照差异不大,但pH≤3.0处理明显降低;烤烟叶片的非光化学猝灭呈先升高后降低趋势,pH≥3.5处理的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)明显高于pH≤3.0处理.     

地质地球化学特性对四川名优茶品质的影响

通过对四川名优茶产区地质、地球化学特征的研究,认为茶园海拔高度、土壤结构、土壤元素组合等对茶叶的品质具有深刻的影响。进一步研究了茶叶的感官指标:外形、汤色、香气、滋味、叶底与茶产地地质地球化学特征的关系,认为营养元素和有毒有害元素的丰缺不仅关系到茶叶的长势和饮用健康性,更是从口味上造成了影响。     

构建湿地系统水力学参数的设计模型研究

构建湿地污水处理系统的水力学参数对于其功能的发挥起着非常重要的作用。在探讨构建湿地主要水力学设计参数的基础上,根据描述构建湿地污染物去除的几类机理模型:一级动力学模型、连续完全混合反应器模型、Monod动力学模型、Ergun公式以及对流-弥散模型,分别导出了相应的构建湿地污水处理系统水力学设计参数的计算模型并分析了不同设计模型的特点。     

基于水热因子波动的呼伦贝尔草原产草量模型

基于多年气象资料(温度和降水量)和产草量监测数据,采用相关分析、主成分分析和回归分析等方法,构建呼伦贝尔草原产草量与气象因子统计学模型,并对二者之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明:利用水热波动因子建立的多项式回归模型具有较好的拟合效果,所建立的呼伦贝尔草原产草量预测模型为y=100.209+1.6410x-0.00559x2.F值显著性检验表明,其复相关系数R2=0.4713,F=8.0239(P=0.0033),在α=0.01水平上显著.利用1989─2009年呼伦贝尔草原产草量数据进行模型精度检验,模型预测精度在85%以上.该预测模型具有选用参数易得、易于代入遥感数据中进行栅格计算、精度高于基于植被指数预测模型等特点.     

A2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的分形结构与理化特征分析

采用图像法和沉降柱法分别研究了A²/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的形貌、粒度分布、低维分形维数和沉降速率、有效密度、空隙率以及质量分形维数,并尝试探讨了上述相关性质与这些污泥宏观操作性质(沉降、压缩、脱水和稳定性)相关的各种理化指标以及胞外高分子物质(EPS)的含量之间的变化关系.结果表明,污泥絮体呈现不规则的形貌,表面具有空隙.其有效密度一般随着其粒径的增加而降低,而空隙率和沉降速率却呈现与有效密度相反的变化趋势,这些均表明了污泥絮体的分形结构的存在.2次所采集的污泥絮体的中位直径分别为248.81、 332.86 μm,有效密度的平均值分别为0.004 0、 0.007 2 g·cm^-3,自由沉降速率的平均值分别为2.67、 4.79　mm·s^-1,空隙率的平均值分别为0.94、 0.89,一维分形维数分别为1.03、 1.19,二维分形维数分别为1.64、 1.84,采用基于Logan经验公式的有效密度-最大直径的双对数关系确定的质量分形维数分别为1.74、 2.29.尽管第2次所采集的污泥絮体较为密实,但其表面粗糙程度却比第1次的低.此外,研究中发现絮凝能力较高或负电荷较高的A²/O好氧污泥絮体具有高的SVI和ZSV值;分形维数较低的污泥具有高的剪切敏感性和低絮体强度,相应的污泥稳定性低;EPS总量高的污泥脱水性能差,EPS中蛋白质含量高的污泥其表面电荷也较高.     

某型固体继电器储存性能退化规律研究

选用某型固体继电器在A、B、c、D等4地开展了为期131个月的库房储存试验,跟踪测试了其性能参数。应用F-检验和T-检验对其性能参数的测试数据进行了分析研究,结果表明储存131个月后,输入电流和输出接通电阻在4地有显著性的变化。通过研究4地试验样品性能参数的退化量,结果表明所有性能参数中输出接通电阻的退化量最大;4地相比,C地试验样品的输出接通电阻的退化量是最大的,A地试验样品的输出接通电阻的退化量是最小的。因此,A地最适合该型固体继电器的储存。     

Environmental change of coastal Sundarbans: Impact on livelihood and standard of living status of indigenous people

There is overwhelming scientific consensus that environmental change is currently having ecological and socioeconomical impacts at the micro and macrolevel. Over the coming decades, the impact of development, climate change, and urbanization on the ecosystem is likely to become even more ruthless in the Sundarbans. Like many other ecologically sensitive areas, the Sundarbans of the Indian state of West Bengal and of Bangladesh are being stressed climatically to the extreme due to their geographical location. This study explores both the ways in which residents of communities in the West Bengal and Bangladesh Sundarbans perceive changes in the environment, as well as intergenerational changes in livelihoods to be driven in a large part by environmental changes. Persons from a total of 368 households were interviewed using a structured interview tool. As an example of differences in perception between residents of the two areas, survey respondents from communities of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh were more likely to perceive that rainfall amounts are changing than did the residents interviewed from the Sundarbans of West Bengal. From the sample data, it is shown that in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, 59% of the respondents, as compared to 63% of the respondents in West Bengal, reported that they had chosen to enter their parents’ occupations. From the multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was observed that, especially in Bangladesh when compared to West Bengal, the state of the environment plays a vital role in whether respondents adopt occupations other than those of their parents.