中国能源生态安全影响评估与政策建议

不理想的能源生产与消费结构和建设生态文明的发展战略存在显著矛盾,生态安全问题已经成为制约我国能源开发利用的重要因素之一,因此,在能源结构优化决策过程中需要对能源开发利用的生态安全影响程度进行定量化评估.应用PSR（pressure-state-response,压力-状态-响应）模型,从实现能源安全与生态安全协同发展视角,建立国家能源生态安全影响评估指标体系和指数模型,对我国2005-2016年的能源生态安全影响进行评估,并从保障国家生态安全的视角提出优化能源开发利用的若干建议.研究显示,2005-2016年我国能源生态安全影响评估指数（文中涉及"全国"的各要素范围均未包含港澳台地区）从44.5升至66.4,能源开发利用对生态安全的影响日益减轻,能源开发利用与生态环境安全之间矛盾有所缓解,但部分优化能源开发利用的响应措施执行不力,应从注重能源开发利用与生态文明建设的协调性、强化能源绿色低碳发展倒逼机制、完善能源行业绿色低碳化发展的经济激励政策、认真执行环境影响评价制度、大力提升化石能源的清洁高效开发利用水平、优化水电开发的生态安全格局和重视非化石能源开发利用的生态安全问题等方面优化我国的能源开发利用.      

两性复配修饰黏土对苏丹草修复Cu2+污染紫色土的影响

为了探索添加吸附材料对植物修复Cu²⁺污染土壤的影响,选取不同十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱 （BS-12）和十四烷基磺酸钠 （STS）复配修饰比例（50%BS-12+25%STS、50%BS-12+50%STS和50%BS-12+100%STS）的膨润土作为吸附材料,将其分别以1%的质量比加入到紫色土（PS）中,形成PS（对照）、PBS₂₅（50%BS-12+25%STS修饰膨润土混合紫色土）、PBS₅₀和PBS₁₀₀四种混合土样。采用盆栽实验对比苏丹草在0（CK）、50、100、200和500 mg/L Cu²⁺污染混合土样中的发芽率、株高、地上部和根系生物量,并分析混合土样和苏丹草对Cu²⁺污染的修复效果。结果显示,随着Cu²⁺处理浓度的增加,苏丹草在PS上的种子发芽率逐渐降低,而在各PBS土样上的发芽率基本保持先增加后稳定的趋势;不同Cu²⁺污染混合土样上的苏丹草株高均随生长时间的增加而增加。苏丹草地上部、根系干重和鲜重在PBS₂₅、PBS₅₀土样上均随Cu²⁺处理浓度的增大而降低,而在PS和PBS₁₀₀土样上均随Cu²⁺处理浓度的增加先增加后降低,峰值分别出现在200和100 mg/L的Cu²⁺处理。Cu²⁺污染处理下苏丹草各生理指标之间均保持中度以上正相关关系,且相关系数表现为PBS₁₀₀最高、PBS₂₅和PBS₅₀次之、PS最低的趋势。各混合土样对Cu²⁺的吸附能力表现为PBS₂₅ > PBS₅₀ > PBS₁₀₀ > PS,苏丹草对Cu²⁺的富集含量表现为PS > PBS₁₀₀ > PBS₅₀ > PBS₂₅的趋势,苏丹草联合两性复配黏土修复Cu²⁺污染紫色土的修复率达99%以上。     

鲜水河断裂带活动期次和滑移特性微观标志的识别

在鲜水河断裂带万木卡等地采集的第四纪形成并遭受变形的石灰华标本显微观测中,发现多期粘滑和蠕滑交替变形的证据;在该断裂带1923年炉霍、道孚间71/4级地震和1973年炉霍雅德7.9级地震震中部位野外考察过程中发现,沿地震断裂面分布有定向排列的砾石和破裂.从这些最新活动断面上采集的变形物质定向薄片显微观测中同样发现与上述类似的微观变形标志.这些发现和标志对鲜水河断裂第四纪以来活动期次与滑移特性的识别及研究具有重要的参考价值.     

镇江市农业可持续发展指标体系构建与评价

本文阐述了农业可持续发展的内涵，从社会可持续性、经济可持续性、环境可持续性、资源可持续性与科技政策可持续性5个方面构建了镇江市农业可持续发展指标体系，然后就镇江市1998-2002年5年间农业发展状况作出评价，分析其发展的制约因素，最后在此基础上提出相关的对策和建议。     

Effects of higher-order structure of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) on its biodegradation. II. Effects of crystal structure on microbial degradation

As one of a series of studies concerning the relationship between the higher-order structure and the biodegradability of a biodegradable plastic, the effects of the crystal structure of the plastic on microbial degradation were investigated. Bacterial poly(d-(–)-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) films which had a wide range of crystallinity were prepared by the melt-quenching method. Results of the microbial degradation indicated that the development of crystallinity evidently depressed the microbial degradability. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, it is suggested that the microbial degradation proceeded in at least two manners. One was preferential degradation of the amorphous region leaving the crystalline lamellae intact, which was considered to be a homogeneous enzymatic degradation over the surface. The other was nonpreferential spherical degradation on the surface. The SEMs indicate that the spherical holes were the result of colonization by degrading bacteria. The holes varied in size and number with the change of crystal structure. Therefore, it is considered that the crystal structure of PHB also influenced the physiological behavior of the degrading bacteria on the PHB surface.     

环境影响评价中公众参与有效性的研究

对中国环境影响评价中公众参与的现状和存在的问题进行了调研分析,筛选出影响公众参与有效性的指标,并采用层次分析法建立了公众参与有效性的评价指标体系。选取上海市近几年完成的50余本环境影响报告书作为抽样样本,对上海市环评报告中公众参与的有效性进行了评估,最后结合存在的问题提出了提高有效性的对策措施。     

基于主成分分析的焦化行业清洁生产评价

根据<清洁生产标准-炼焦行业>(HJ/T126-2003)标准开展焦化建设项目清洁生产评价,评价指标达87个,存在数据收集困难的问题,并且采用标准对比法进行清洁生产评价只能得出每个评价指标清洁生产级别,为了明确焦化建设项目清洁生产水平和行业清洁生产水平间的关系,以河北省符合国家焦化行业产业政策的8家企业为样本,采用主成...     

基于RS与GIS技术的龙井市生态环境评价

良好的生态环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,而社会和经济的发展必须要以保持生态环境的稳定和平衡为前提。本文利用RS和GIS技术,采用科学化量化指标,对龙井市生态环境进行评价,得到2000和2007年吉林省龙井市生态环境综合指数图,并进行动态分析。结果表明：2000-2007年龙井市生态综合指数整体呈现增加的趋势,2000年龙井市生态综合指数平均值为35.94,而到2007年龙井市生态综合指数平均值增加到38.45。7年间,良等级地面积增加最多,增加26.26个百分点,中、差、劣等地面积都在减少。2000年和2007年龙井市东部地区生态环境要好于西部地区。这表明政府政策的实施、人民环保意识提高等起到重要的作用。     

噬菌体MS2生物学特性研究

本文分析了噬菌体MS2在水质监测中作为水中肠道病毒指示生物的可行性与优势,并通过试验测定了噬菌体MS2的热稳定性、pH值稳定性、最佳感染复数和一步生长曲线等生物学参数,结果表明:噬菌体MS2的热稳定性较弱,在70℃时5 min内即会全部失活;在pH值4～10的范围内噬菌体MS2均可稳定存在;噬菌体MS2感染其宿主大肠杆...     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and water usage of tomato seedlings under different ammonium/nitrate ratios

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is generally expected to enhance photosynthesis and growth of agricultural C3 vegetable crops, and therefore results in an increase in crop yield. However, little is known about the combined effect of elevated CO2 and N species on plant growth and development. Two growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the physiological development and water use of tomato seedlings. Tomato was grown for 45 d in containers with nutrient solutions varying in NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios and CO2 concentrations in growth chambers. Results showed that plant height, stem thickness, total dry weight, dry weight of the leaves, stems and roots, G value （total plant dry weight/seedling days）, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf-level and whole plant-level water use efficiency and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings were increased with increasing proportion of NO3- in nutrient solutions in the elevated CO2 treatment. Plant biomass, plant height, stem thickness and photosynthetic rate were 67%, 22%, 24% and 55% higher at elevated CO2 concentration than at ambient CO2 concentration, depending on the values of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio. These results indicated that elevating CO2 concentration did not mitigate the adverse effects of 100% NH4^＋-N （in nutrient solution） on the tomato seedlings. At both CO2 levels, NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios of nutrient solutions strongly influenced almost every measure of plant performance, and nitrate-fed plants attained a greater biomass production, as compared to ammonium-fed plants. These phenomena seem to be related to the coordinated regulation of photosynthetic rate and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings.