Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area

Agricultural activities are the main source of non-point pollution in the Taihu Lake region, and therefore reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is imperative in this area. A two-year experiment was carried out in a paddy field of summer rice-winter wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake area, and the rice growing seasons were mainly concerned in this research. Grain yield, N accumulation at rice crucial stages, N use efficiency, as well as N losses via run off during rice growing season were determined under different N application rates. No significant differences were observed in grain yield under N fertilizer application rates of 135-270 kg N ha⁻¹ (50-100% of the conventional N application rate). Nitrogen accumulation before the heading stage (Pre-NA) accounted for 61-95% of total nitrogen absorption in mature rice, and was positively correlated with straw dry matter at harvest. Positive correlations were found between Pre-NA and straw (0.53, p < 0.05), and between grain yield and N accumulation after the heading stage (Post-NA) (0.58, p < 0.05), suggesting that increasing nitrogen accumulation after the heading stage is crucial for grain yield improvement. Poor agronomic efficiency of applied N (AE_N), partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP_N) and internal utilization efficiency of applied N (IE_N) were observed for the higher soil fertility and a higher N fertilizer input; a simple N fertilizer reduction could significantly increase the nitrogen use efficiency in this region. Nitrogen loss via runoff was positively linearly related to N application rates and severely affected by rainfall events. The highest-yielding N rates were around 232-257 kg N ha⁻¹, accounting for 86-95% of the conventional N application rates for the rice season. To reduce N losses and enhance N use efficiency, the recommendable N fertilization rate should be lower than that of the highest yield rate for rice season. Our findings indicated that nitrogen fertilizer reduction in the Taihu Lake area is feasible and necessary for maintaining grain yield, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency, and reducing environmental impact. However, the longer-term yield sustainability for the proper N application rate needs to be further investigated.     

利用PCR-DGGE分析未开发油气田地表微生物群落结构

利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术,分别对未开发油田、气田和非油气田对照区域,地表30、60、100、150、200 cm深度的土壤微生物分布进行研究,目的在于了解未开发油气田区域土壤微生物的分布特征,寻找潜在的油气资源指示菌.结果表明,不同深度土壤样品间的菌群相似度很低(26～69.9).在150 cm和200 cm处,DGGE图谱具有更好的丰富度(≥19)、多样性(≥2.69)和均匀度(≥0.90).油田区域富含γ-Proteobacteria(75%),此外还包括α-Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria,其相似菌株主要为石油相关菌和烃降解菌,如食烷菌、噬甲基菌.气田含有α、β、γ、δ-Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes,γ-Proteobacteria含量较小(24%),所获16S rDNA条带相似菌株大多不具有烃降解能力,部分具有甲烷相关性,如甲基孢囊菌.在此类研究中,150 cm、200 cm更适于作为统一取样深度进行大范围取样调查;甲基孢囊菌可用来作为潜在的气田指示菌,食烷菌和噬甲基菌可作为潜在的油田指示菌,但仍需进一步地大范围取样验证.     

缺氧反硝化除磷菌驯X菌的筛选与生长条件优化

以SBR强化生物除磷装置污泥为研究对象,进行反硝化除磷菌的筛选,并用传统与现代分子生物学相结合手段确定其分类地位,同时采用响应面分析试验进行菌的生长条件优化. 结果表明:驯X菌的生理生化指标显示其具有缺氧反硝化除磷功能,根据细菌形态观察、培养特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA测序结果,驯X菌与Escherichia coli最相似,同源性高达99.9%,因此驯X菌(Escherichia coli)是缺氧反硝化除磷菌. 由响应面分析可知,影响驯X菌生长的关键因素次序为ρ(碳源)＞pH＞ρ(氮源),二次项中ρ(碳源)2也是唯一的显著因素,ρ(碳源)对菌的生长具有决定作用;其中碳源采用乙酸钠+葡萄糖,氮源采用硫酸铵+蛋白胨. 驯X菌的最优化生长条件:ρ(碳源)为3.48g/L,ρ(氮源)为1.22 g/L,pH为8.00,此时实测的菌浊平均值为0.732.      

城市地表水中肠道病原微生物与粪便污染指示菌的关系研究

本研究选择肠道病毒、伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌作为城市水体中典型的肠道病原微生物,分别建立起相应的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法.对水源水、景观娱乐用水以及城市河流样品进行长期监测,考察典型肠道病原微生物的分布特征和变化规律.肠道病毒在各地表水体中都有检出,浓度大都在103copy·L-1以下.大肠埃希氏菌的含量在保护良好的水体和接纳城市污水的水体中有明显差别,而伤寒沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌通常出现在受粪便污染较重的水体中.统计学的分析结果显示各种水体中的肠道病原微生物检出浓度均符合对数正态分布规律.粪便污染指示菌与肠道病毒之间不存在显著的相关性,但却能在一定程度上反映典型肠道病原菌的存在情况.在大肠菌群或粪大肠菌群浓度为104CFU·L-1以上的样品中,伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌具有较高的阳性率.     

环境监测分析中的有关问题探讨——指示剂,显色剂的应用

本文介绍了在环境监测分析中一些常用指示剂,显色剂的使用条件,以及在不同条件下对分析结果产生的影响和干扰,及其干扰的消除。     

西安市可持续发展能力环境影响评价指标体系实证

文章分析了目前我国城市可持续发展能力环境影响评价指标体系的研究现状和存在的问题。在传统的城市宏观经济运行过程模型的基础上,提出了PESER系统城市可持续发展能力环境影响评价经济运行模型。在此基础上,将城市可持续发展能力环境影响评价的描述性指标与货币化量值指标进行有机结合,构建了西安市可持续发展能力环境影响评价指标体系。     

Macroinvertebrate Assemblages on Woody Debris and Their Relations with Environmental Variables in the Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin River Drainages, California

Data from 25 sites were used to evaluate associations between macroinvertebrate assemblages on large woody debris (snags) and environmental variables in the lower San Joaquin and Sacramento River drainages in California as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program. Samples were collected from 1993 to 1995 in the San Joaquin River drainage and in 1996 and 1997 in the Sacramento River drainage. Macroinvertebrate taxa were aggregated to the family (or higher) level of taxonomic organization, resulting in 39 taxa for analyses. Only the 31 most common taxa were used for two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). TWINSPAN analysis defined four groups of snag samples on the basis of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Analysis of variance identified differences in environmental and biotic characteristics among the groups. These results combined with the results of CCA indicated that mean dominant substrate type, gradient, specific conductance, water temperature, percentage of the basin in agricultural land use, percentage of the basin in combined agricultural and urban land uses, and elevation were important factors in explaining assemblage structure. Macroinvertebrate assemblages on snags may be useful in family level bioassessments of environmental conditions in valley floor habitats.     

Uncertainty assessment of mapping mercury contaminated soils of a rapidly industrializing city in the Yangtze River Delta of China using sequential indicator co-simulation

Accurate characterization of heavy-metal contaminated areas and quantification of the uncertainties inherent in spatial prediction are crucial for risk assessment, soil remediation, and effective management recommendations. Topsoil samples (0–15 cm) (n = 547) were collected from the Zhangjiagang suburbs of China. The sequential indicator co-simulation (SIcS) method was applied for incorporating the soft data derived from soil organic matter (SOM) to simulate Hg concentrations, map Hg contaminated areas, and evaluate the associated uncertainties. High variability of Hg concentrations was observed in the study area. Total Hg concentrations varied from 0.004 to 1.510 mg kg⁻¹ and the coefficient of variation (CV) accounts for 70%. Distribution patterns of Hg were identified as higher Hg concentrations occurred mainly at the southern part of the study area and relatively lower concentrations were found in north. The Hg contaminated areas, identified using the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils critical values through SIcS, were limited and distributed in the south where the SOM concentration is high, soil pH is low, and paddy soils are the dominant soil types. The spatial correlations between Hg and SOM can be preserved by co-simulation and the realizations generated by SIcS represent the possible spatial patterns of Hg concentrations without a smoothing effect. Once the Hg concentration critical limit is given, SIcS can be used to map Hg contaminated areas and quantitatively assess the uncertainties inherent in the spatial prediction by setting a given critical probability and calculating the joint probability of the obtained areas.     

不同磷水平下植物体内镉的积累、化学形态及生理特性

在控制条件下,将玉米、小麦植株在含有不同浓度磷（ｃ（Ｐ）０,０．１２,０．６,３．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和镉（ｃ（Ｃｄ）０,４．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的营养液中培养２１ｄ,研究植株体内各种镉的形态、生理特性和酶活性的变化,选择三种主要镉的形态,即氯化钠可提取态（镉与蛋白质或多肽结合态）,醋酸可提取态（镉与磷酸盐的结合态）和去离子水可提取态（水溶性、有机酸盐镉的形态）作为优势态镉加以分析和研究。结果表明,提高介