海河流域典型河流粪源性指示微生物的污染特征及其时空分布

当前,我国河流污染的监测、研究与治理甚少考虑微生物指标,导致国内大多河流的微生物污染状况不明.本研究以海河流域上游山区段永定河(张家口市)、中游平原段温榆河(北京市)和下游滨海段北运河(天津市)3段典型河流为对象,选取粪大肠菌群、大肠杆菌、肠球菌、SC噬菌体为指示微生物指标,开展了历时1年的野外调查,以期明确海河流域典型河流微生物污染的浓度水平及其时空分布特征.结果表明:除有机污染和富营养化问题外,3条河流也受到了较为严重的微生物污染.监测断面的肠球菌、大肠杆菌、粪大肠菌群、SC噬菌体的年平均浓度分别在1.039×103~9.168×105CFU·L-1、10~1.870×106CFU·L-1、1.43×102~8.105×106CFU·L-1、0~4.77×106PFU·L-1之间.曼-惠特尼U检验分析结果表明,流域内指示微生物浓度分布的季节性变化不显著;3条河流中,中游平原段温榆河因受污水处理厂退水排入河道的影响,微生物污染水平最高;上游山区段永定河虽有机污染较轻,但动物粪便污染严重,导致河流微生物污染状况亦不容乐观.为保障流域公共卫生安全和地下水安全,上游山区段农村畜禽粪便处理、中游平原段污水处理厂退水应得到进一步的关注与管理.     

Cd胁迫对大豆各发育阶段生长及生理指标的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验方法,研究了不同浓度Cd胁迫下,大豆幼苗期、花荚期和成熟期植株的生长及叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化.结果表明,大豆植株的生长在3个生长期均表现为低浓度Cd(￡0.50mg/kg)下的刺激效应和高浓度Cd(31.00mg/kg)下的抑制效应;随着Cd胁迫浓度的累积,大豆生长整体上受到抑制.在幼苗期,大豆植株的叶绿素含量下降、SOD活性受到抑制、POD活性迅速激活,共同缓解Cd毒性;在花荚期,大豆植株的防御系统得到有效激发,保护性酶POD、SOD的活性急剧升高,叶绿素含量呈上升趋势;在成熟期,因为长时间的Cd毒害,尤其是Cd浓度较高的情况下,大豆植株的SOD、POD活性和叶绿素含量急剧下降.在Cd胁迫下,大豆植株的生长发育以及生理生化指标在大豆的3个生长期的变化模式差异显著,且大豆植株的生物量和株高与SOD活性在整个生长期均表现出显著的相关性.     

生态城市指标体系研究——以厦门为例

基于城市复合生态系统理论,结合健康、安全和发展的概念提出生态城市的内涵,提出"特征性指标与共性评价指标相结合"的指标体系构建模式,以厦门为例建立了一套包含4个层次,由47个共性评价指标和21个特征性指标构成的生态城市指标体系.评价结果揭示了厦门目前处于生态城市发展的初期阶段(0.55),城市生态系统为亚健康状态(0.63)、一般脆弱的预警状态(0.50)和一般持续的发展状态(0.51),与现实的分析调研结果相符.     

分散元素钪的矿床类型与研究前景

由于钪具有特殊的物理-化学性质，它在许多科学领域里已得到广泛的应用。近年来，分散元素钪的成矿问题已经引起矿床学家的高度重视。本文介绍了我国及世界上主要的伴生钪矿床类型和成矿特征、钪的来源、应用及研究现状，并提出了我国与铝土矿床和磷矿床有关的钪地球化学示踪及研究方法问题。     

Dynamic changes in microbial activity and community structure during biodegradation of petroleum compounds： A laboratory experiment

With 110-d incubation experiment in laboratory,the responses of microbial quantity,soil enzymatic activity,and bacterial community structure to different amounts of diesel fuel amendments were studied to reveal whether certain biological and biochemical characteristics could serve as reliable indicators of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in meadow-brown soil,and use these indicators to evaluate the actual ecological impacts of 50-year petroleum-refining wastewater irrigation on soil function in Sbenfu irrigation area.Results showed that amendments of≤1000 mg/kg diesel fuel stimulated the growth of aerobic beterotrophic bacteria,and increased the activity of soil dehydrogenase,hydrogenperoxidase,polypbenol oxidase and substrate-induced respiration.Soil bacterial diversity decreased slightly during the first 15 d of incubation and recovered to the control level on day 30.The significant decrease of the colony forming units of soil actinomyces and filamentous fungi can be taken as the sensitive biological indicators of petroleum contamination when soil was amended with≥5000 mg/kg diesel fuel.The sharp decrease in urease activity was recommended as the most sensitive biochemical indicator of heavy diesel fuel contamination.The shifts in community structure to a community documented by Sphingomonadaceae withinα-subgroup of Proteobacteria could be served as a sensitive and precise indicator of diesel fuel contamination.Based on the results described in this paper,the soil function in Shenfu irrigation area was disturbed to some extent.     

Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area

Agricultural activities are the main source of non-point pollution in the Taihu Lake region, and therefore reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is imperative in this area. A two-year experiment was carried out in a paddy field of summer rice-winter wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake area, and the rice growing seasons were mainly concerned in this research. Grain yield, N accumulation at rice crucial stages, N use efficiency, as well as N losses via run off during rice growing season were determined under different N application rates. No significant differences were observed in grain yield under N fertilizer application rates of 135-270 kg N ha⁻¹ (50-100% of the conventional N application rate). Nitrogen accumulation before the heading stage (Pre-NA) accounted for 61-95% of total nitrogen absorption in mature rice, and was positively correlated with straw dry matter at harvest. Positive correlations were found between Pre-NA and straw (0.53, p < 0.05), and between grain yield and N accumulation after the heading stage (Post-NA) (0.58, p < 0.05), suggesting that increasing nitrogen accumulation after the heading stage is crucial for grain yield improvement. Poor agronomic efficiency of applied N (AE_N), partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP_N) and internal utilization efficiency of applied N (IE_N) were observed for the higher soil fertility and a higher N fertilizer input; a simple N fertilizer reduction could significantly increase the nitrogen use efficiency in this region. Nitrogen loss via runoff was positively linearly related to N application rates and severely affected by rainfall events. The highest-yielding N rates were around 232-257 kg N ha⁻¹, accounting for 86-95% of the conventional N application rates for the rice season. To reduce N losses and enhance N use efficiency, the recommendable N fertilization rate should be lower than that of the highest yield rate for rice season. Our findings indicated that nitrogen fertilizer reduction in the Taihu Lake area is feasible and necessary for maintaining grain yield, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency, and reducing environmental impact. However, the longer-term yield sustainability for the proper N application rate needs to be further investigated.     

利用PCR-DGGE分析未开发油气田地表微生物群落结构

利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术,分别对未开发油田、气田和非油气田对照区域,地表30、60、100、150、200 cm深度的土壤微生物分布进行研究,目的在于了解未开发油气田区域土壤微生物的分布特征,寻找潜在的油气资源指示菌.结果表明,不同深度土壤样品间的菌群相似度很低(26～69.9).在150 cm和200 cm处,DGGE图谱具有更好的丰富度(≥19)、多样性(≥2.69)和均匀度(≥0.90).油田区域富含γ-Proteobacteria(75%),此外还包括α-Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria,其相似菌株主要为石油相关菌和烃降解菌,如食烷菌、噬甲基菌.气田含有α、β、γ、δ-Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes,γ-Proteobacteria含量较小(24%),所获16S rDNA条带相似菌株大多不具有烃降解能力,部分具有甲烷相关性,如甲基孢囊菌.在此类研究中,150 cm、200 cm更适于作为统一取样深度进行大范围取样调查;甲基孢囊菌可用来作为潜在的气田指示菌,食烷菌和噬甲基菌可作为潜在的油田指示菌,但仍需进一步地大范围取样验证.     

缺氧反硝化除磷菌驯X菌的筛选与生长条件优化

以SBR强化生物除磷装置污泥为研究对象,进行反硝化除磷菌的筛选,并用传统与现代分子生物学相结合手段确定其分类地位,同时采用响应面分析试验进行菌的生长条件优化. 结果表明:驯X菌的生理生化指标显示其具有缺氧反硝化除磷功能,根据细菌形态观察、培养特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA测序结果,驯X菌与Escherichia coli最相似,同源性高达99.9%,因此驯X菌(Escherichia coli)是缺氧反硝化除磷菌. 由响应面分析可知,影响驯X菌生长的关键因素次序为ρ(碳源)＞pH＞ρ(氮源),二次项中ρ(碳源)2也是唯一的显著因素,ρ(碳源)对菌的生长具有决定作用;其中碳源采用乙酸钠+葡萄糖,氮源采用硫酸铵+蛋白胨. 驯X菌的最优化生长条件:ρ(碳源)为3.48g/L,ρ(氮源)为1.22 g/L,pH为8.00,此时实测的菌浊平均值为0.732.      

城市地表水中肠道病原微生物与粪便污染指示菌的关系研究

本研究选择肠道病毒、伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌作为城市水体中典型的肠道病原微生物,分别建立起相应的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法.对水源水、景观娱乐用水以及城市河流样品进行长期监测,考察典型肠道病原微生物的分布特征和变化规律.肠道病毒在各地表水体中都有检出,浓度大都在103copy·L-1以下.大肠埃希氏菌的含量在保护良好的水体和接纳城市污水的水体中有明显差别,而伤寒沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌通常出现在受粪便污染较重的水体中.统计学的分析结果显示各种水体中的肠道病原微生物检出浓度均符合对数正态分布规律.粪便污染指示菌与肠道病毒之间不存在显著的相关性,但却能在一定程度上反映典型肠道病原菌的存在情况.在大肠菌群或粪大肠菌群浓度为104CFU·L-1以上的样品中,伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌具有较高的阳性率.     

基于生态效率建立我国循环经济评价指标体系的思考

如何科学地定量评价循环经济的发展水平是循环经济的一个基础理论问题。本文探讨了生态效率与循环经济之间的关系,以生态效率指标为基础,建立了我国循环经济评价指标体系。该指标体系突出强调了循环经济的生态效率目标,基本涵盖了循环经济的主要内容,体现了循环经济的核心内涵、“3R”原则和本质要求,能够全面、客观反映循环经济发展的状况和程度,为政府决策提供科学的依据。