On the indicator of weak sustainability

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生态系统健康评价研究进展

介绍了生态系统健康概念的发展状史以及生态系统健康学的主要研究内容，阐述了生态系统健康评价与环境管理的关系，建立了生态系统健康评价指标体系。     

附着生物对沉水植物伊乐藻生长的研究

以沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttalii(Plant.)ST.John.)为研究对象,室内利用原位湖水进行培养,通过测定伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素质量分数、光合作用速率等指标,研究了附着生物量的增加对沉水植物伊乐藻的影响。结果表明,随着附着生物处理量的增加,伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素质量分数以及光合作用速率随之下降,50d后,各处理的生物量与对照相比分别减少了约5%~15%,叶绿素质量分数以及光合作用速率下降了20%~43%、10%~36%。同时也分析了丝状藻对沉水植物伊乐藻的遮阴作用,初步推测附着生物对沉水植物伊乐藻的影响可能是由于附着生物的遮荫作用。研究的结果为揭示富营养化湖泊沉水植被衰退的机理提供了理论依据。     

土壤的芘污染与土壤酶活性

选择芘作为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表污染物、敏感土壤酶作为污染物的生态毒理指标,探讨芘暴露下土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明:芘的添加浓度>50μg·kg-1时,对土壤脲酶、土壤脱氢酶活性有先抑制、后激活的作用,对土壤磷酸酶活性有激活作用;芘的添加浓度为50～1200μg·kg-1时,对土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有影响。土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶活性有可能作为芘污染土壤的生态毒理指标。     

A Mechanistic Approach to Evaluation of Umbrella Species as Conservation Surrogates

Abstract:  Although species with large area requirements are sometimes used as umbrella species, their general utility as conservation tools is uncertain. We surveyed the species diversity of birds, butterflies, carabids, and forest-floor plants in forest sites across an area (1600 km²) in which we delineated large breeding home ranges of Northern Goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ). We tested whether protection of the home ranges could serve as an effective umbrella to protect sympatric species of the four taxa. We also used an empirical habitat model of occupancy of home range to examine mechanisms by which the Northern Goshawk acts as an umbrella species. Among species richness, abundance, and species composition of the four taxa, only abundance and species composition of birds differed between sites located inside and outside home ranges, which was due to greater abundance of bird species that were prey of Northern Goshawks inside the home ranges. Thus, although home range indicated areas with high abundance of certain bird prey species, it was not effective as an indicator of the species diversity of all four taxa. We also did not find any difference in species richness, abundance, and species composition between sites predicted as occupied and unoccupied using the habitat model. In contrast, when we selected sites on the basis of each habitat variable in the model, habitat variables that selected sites either in agricultural or forested landscapes encompassed sites with high species richness or particular species composition. This result suggests that the low performance of the Northern Goshawk as an umbrella species is due to this species' preference for habitat in both agricultural and forested landscapes. Species that can adjust to changes in habitat conditions may not act as effective umbrella species despite having large home ranges.     

同型乙酸菌研究进展及应用前景

同型乙酸菌是一类分布极广、形态差异极大的微生物类群.该类微生物利用厌氧乙酰辅酶A途径合成代谢中间体乙酰辅酶A,即可营自养生活亦可营异养生活;可利用多种物质作电子供体及电子受体,代谢能力强,底物范围广,能够生成多种代谢产物,如乙酸、乳酸、琥珀酸及甲酸;其独具特色的生理代谢特点,具有应用于工业生产的巨大潜力.本文就同型乙酸菌特有的代谢特点及应用前景作一综述.图2表1参18     

DIE‐OFF OF PATHOGENIC E. COLI O157:H7 IN SEWAGE CONTAMINATED WATERS1

E. coli O157:H7 is a pathogen that can be present in sewage contaminated waters. This organism poses a health risk for humans who come in contact with these waters via drinking, swimming, or shellfish consumption. A risk assessment model is needed to evaluate or quantify this risk. One possibility is the use of a computer model to simulate the fate and transport of E. coli O157:H7 downstream from a discharge point [e.g., a separate sanitary sewer overflow (SSO)]. However, this computer model would require input data regarding characteristics of this organism, which have not been previously available. One necessary input parameter is the rate at which die off of this organism occurs in a stream or river environment. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the die‐off rate of E. coli O157:H7 in an SSO impacted stream. Indicator bacteria (total coliforms, E. coli, and enterococci) were evaluated simultaneously. The results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 is not persistent — decay rates are high relative to the indicator bacteria. However, the decay plots suggest a biphasic response: initial decay is rapid, followed by an attenuated, slower decay. Hence traditional simulation methods using a single, first‐order decay rate may be inaccurate.     

生态文明视角下企业环境绩效评估指标体系的研究

生态效益立足于资源的高效利用与污染的低排放,符合可持续发展的基本理念.文章在明晰生态效益本质内涵的基础上,建立经济绩效与环境绩效有机融合的生态效益指标体系,系统总结全球16家企业生态效益指标的试行情况,深入剖析企业导入该指标体系的过程及可能遇到的障碍,从而为其它企业提供经验借鉴.研究结果表明,通过生态效益的趋势分析,管理层可以判定企业所处的状态,了解企业内部环境及经营绩效,进而可以成为企业环境报告书中展现绩效水平的重要工具.     

浅埋矿区煤炭开采对地表生态环境的影响研究

在分析大量文献资料的基础上,从地表塌陷、土壤破坏、水体污染等方面综述了浅埋矿区煤炭开采对地表生态环境影响的研究现状.并指出当前研究中存在的问题,包括煤炭开采对生态环境的影响主要集中某一方面的环境问题,以及缺乏对生态环境有效的预测方法等.针对上述问题,结合浅埋煤矿区生态环境特征,构建了相对完整的生态环境评价指标体系,筛选出基于灰色系统模型的预测方法,进而为下一步建立预测模型和预警系统奠定基础.     

青岛市企业环境绩效评价体系构建与应用研究

企业环境绩效评价是将企业的主要环境行为以直观明了的形式向社会公开的一种社会监督手段.青岛市企业环境绩效评价指标体系由污染防治、环境管理行为、社会影响三大类客观指标与环境保护主管部门、辖区相关政府部门、企业周边居民与相关单位对企业环境绩效行为的主观评判指标构成.通过2013年、2014年连续两年对青岛市重点企业进行环境绩效评价并对外公布年度报告,使社会各界加强了对重点企业环境绩效的基本状况的了解,更好地保障了公众环境知情权和参与权,并起到了激励企业持续改善环境行为、不断提高企业环境绩效的作用.