Greening of a campus restaurant at Stockholm University: sustainable development audits by means of the SDR methodology

The aim of this paper is to show how the environmental practices of a restaurant may be evaluated in a quantitative way. For this, a new methodology, sustainable development records (SDR), was used. This allows financial, environmental and social aspects of an operation to be handled in a systematic way. The results of the two sustainable development audits show that the restaurant washes more dishes per unit of chemicals used in 1994 than in 1991. However, there is a negative trend regarding the number of meals served per unit of water used and waste generated, which suggests that the restaurant in 1994 is more wasteful with these resources than in 1991. On the other hand, this might be explained by the fact that the restaurant has increased its use of primary products. The environmental ratios are increasing for both chemicals and energy, which means that more and more of the resources used are environmentally acceptable. The lowest environmental ratios are those for provisions (<2%) and transportation (<5%), which means that not more than 2% of the provisions and 5% of the transportation are environmentally acceptable in the long run. The restaurant's ratio of satisfied customers as well as its environmental image is improving, while the profitability has not changed. The results of this paper point to a general problem of environmental auditing in regard to the evaluation of perceived positive or negative developments of an individual enterprise, since there might be an opposite implication for the larger system. It is therefore crucial to look at several hierarchical levels in order to be able to assess the effects of environmental measures.     

武昌东湖生物污染的研究及病毒指示物的初探

随着工业的发展和人口的增加,江河、湖泊等水体受到愈来愈严重的污染,尤其是靠近城镇的水体.其中生物污染主要是来自人群的粪便.有关部门选定大肠杆菌作为粪便污染的水体中各种肠道致病菌的指示物,并制定了一些相应的指标.但对于水中的肠道病毒,目前还没有一个统一的标准.     

基于支持向量机的资源型城市可持续发展指标体系研究

资源型城市的可持续发展系统是由自然、经济、社会三个基本层次组成的相互作用且相互依赖的复杂巨系统。支持向量机回归具有非线性、并行分布处理、自学习等特点，可以较为逼真地模拟该系统。本文通过对资源型城市可持续发展指标体系现有主要方法的研究，提出以支持向量机为模型的资源型城市可持续发展指标的分析预测方法，并应用此方法构造支持向量机。绘制指标预测图。对铜陵市国民经济总产值进行了预测。结果表明本预测方法效果较好。     

臭氧对南方3种木本植物的急性伤害症状及其生理指标变化

近地层O3污染越来越严重,而O3污染对中国木本植物的影响的报道较少。作者对南方3种木本植物尾叶桉(Eucalyptusurophylla)、米兰(Aglaiaodorata)和马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)进行连续3d,每天6h的O3熏气处理。臭氧体积分数分别为200×10-9和400×10-9。实验过程中对植物的外部受害症状进行观察记录,测定叶片的叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)、丙二醛含量(MDA)、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量等生理指标。结果表明:3种植物对O3污染表现出不同的受害症状。受O3污染危害最重的为米兰,其次为尾叶桉,而马尾松抗性最强。O3污染导致植物叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量呈下降趋势,而POD活性升高,少数种类则出现微弱的下降趋势。CAT基本表现为低浓度O3污染时活性上升,在高浓度时,由于酶的结构受破坏,而出现下降的趋势,但也有的种类是外部臭氧浓度越高,则CAT含量越高。丙二醛含量则是多数情况比对照升高,而某个种类变化不明显或稍有下降。可溶性蛋白含量是在低浓度O3污染时有所上升,而高浓度时则出现下降的情况。研究结果表明,在评价不同植物种类对污染物的抗性时,不能仅考虑某个生理指标的变化,还要综合考虑各个指标的状况。     

A Mechanistic Approach to Evaluation of Umbrella Species as Conservation Surrogates

Abstract:  Although species with large area requirements are sometimes used as umbrella species, their general utility as conservation tools is uncertain. We surveyed the species diversity of birds, butterflies, carabids, and forest-floor plants in forest sites across an area (1600 km²) in which we delineated large breeding home ranges of Northern Goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ). We tested whether protection of the home ranges could serve as an effective umbrella to protect sympatric species of the four taxa. We also used an empirical habitat model of occupancy of home range to examine mechanisms by which the Northern Goshawk acts as an umbrella species. Among species richness, abundance, and species composition of the four taxa, only abundance and species composition of birds differed between sites located inside and outside home ranges, which was due to greater abundance of bird species that were prey of Northern Goshawks inside the home ranges. Thus, although home range indicated areas with high abundance of certain bird prey species, it was not effective as an indicator of the species diversity of all four taxa. We also did not find any difference in species richness, abundance, and species composition between sites predicted as occupied and unoccupied using the habitat model. In contrast, when we selected sites on the basis of each habitat variable in the model, habitat variables that selected sites either in agricultural or forested landscapes encompassed sites with high species richness or particular species composition. This result suggests that the low performance of the Northern Goshawk as an umbrella species is due to this species' preference for habitat in both agricultural and forested landscapes. Species that can adjust to changes in habitat conditions may not act as effective umbrella species despite having large home ranges.     

指示生物及其在环境保护中的应用

环境监测是污染治理和环境管理的重要工具。传统的理化监测和单一的理化指标难以测定和反映污染物的综合生物学效应。利用指示生物开展生物监测，能在一定程度反映出环境污染的综合生物学效应，是环境监测行之有效的手段之一。     

秦岭凤太及柞山沉积盆地中硼地球化学场分析及意义

在B元素地球化学讨论基础上 ,采用地球化学场分析研究方法与理论 ,以秦岭柞山泥盆纪沉积盆地及凤太泥盆纪沉积盆地内B地球化学场为实例 ,探讨对B的地球化学场分析与研究。认为B的地球化学场是由热水同生沉积作用所形成 ,B异常场可用于追迹和示踪热水流体场的活动范围。可能在八卦庙含金脆韧性剪切带中 ,部分电气石石英脉及菊花状电气石集合体富集部位是在后期脆韧性剪切变形过程中同构造期所形成 ,岩浆侵位及构造动热改造为富B层位中B的活化提供了能量     

生态系统健康评价研究进展

介绍了生态系统健康概念的发展状史以及生态系统健康学的主要研究内容，阐述了生态系统健康评价与环境管理的关系，建立了生态系统健康评价指标体系。     

煤矿塌陷区造田复土中粉煤灰含量对高羊茅生理功能的影响

以小区试验进行了粉煤灰复土造田种植高羊茅的试验 .对高羊茅生长发育、生理功能和矿质积累的研究结果表明 :含 30 %以下粉煤灰复合土能提高高羊茅植株光合作用和氮素利用能力 ,促进植株生长 ,不会对植株产生伤害 ;当复合土中粉煤灰含量达 4 0 %时 ,高羊茅光合作用、蒸腾作用和氮素利用能力降低 ,细胞膜脂质过氧化水平升高 ,膜透性增大 ,SOD、POD和CAT活性降低 ,植株生长被抑制 ;随着复合土中粉煤灰含量的升高高羊茅植株Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg的质量分数升高 ,Cu的质量分数无显著变化 .研究建议粉煤灰复土造田以 30 %粉煤灰复合土为宜 .图 3表 6参 19     

除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响

在盆栽和大田条件下,研究4种除草剂对2个强筋小麦品种(“临优145”和“临汾138”)产量及生理特性的影响.结果表明,在推荐用量下,除草剂对成穗数、穗粒数和穗长的影响较小,对株高、千粒重、旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率及灌浆进程影响较大.2,4-D丁酯使旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率一直较低,千粒重降低;“巨星”在灌浆前期使旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率保持较高,灌浆中后期快速下降,并使灌浆持续时间相对缩短,千粒重最低,较对照分别低2.40g和0.84g;而“世玛”使灌浆前中期SPAD值和净光合速率较低,但下降相对缓慢,使灌浆持续时间分别延长3.48d和1.86d,“库”容增加,千粒重分别提高1.18g和1.05g,同时具有一定的降低株高作用;“骠马”虽使灌浆持续时间延长,但影响相对较小.除草剂对籽粒生长模型参数的影响,品种间存在一定差异,除草剂对“临优145”初始生长势、快增期和缓增期持续时间、快增期和缓增期平均灌浆速率影响较大,而对“临汾138”的这些指标以及总灌浆持续时间影响较大.分析旗叶光合特性、灌浆进程、千粒重及产量间的相关性,表明除草剂主要是通过旗叶生理和灌浆进程来影响千粒重和产量.图1表7参19