镉胁迫对不同水稻品种幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响

为了解植物根系对重金属镉的反应,以水稻秀水63和秀水09为试验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究不同浓度镉(0、1、5、10、25、50、100 μmol·L~(-1))对水稻幼苗根系形态和部分生理特性的影响.结果表明:1 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理对2个水稻品种根系生长有一定的促进作用,表现为植株干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力均略有升高.但随着镉浓度(5～100 μmol·L~(-1))增加,表现出一定的抑制效应,与对照相比,秀水63和秀水09分别在10 μmol·L~(-1)和25 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理时的根系干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力明显受到抑制,而根系平均直径、质膜透性均有所增加.不同浓度镉胁迫对两个水稻品种直径≤1.5 mm的根系生长影响最大,其中高于10 μmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫下,秀水63直径≤1.5 mm根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积分别降低了11.89%～55.39%、10.77%～57.27%和18.37%～67.35%,秀水09分别降低了6.84%～40.48%、8.55%～42.79%和16.50%～52.42%.本实验结果表明,2个水稻品种对镉胁迫存在着一定的差异,秀水09对Cd胁迫的耐受能力要强于秀水63.     

元谋干热河谷植物功能性状组合的海拔梯度响应

植物功能性状能够显示对环境变化的响应,不同的适应对策呈现出不同的功能性状组合。干热河谷地区水分是最主要的限制性环境因子,之前的大部分研究都是集中关注于干热河谷局部地段,对于从垂直海拔上来研究不同植物在环境梯度下的变化的研究较少。干热河谷地区由于梵风效应,水分胁迫沿海拔梯度发生变化,一般表现为随海拔高度升高,气温降低,湿度和降水量增加,而蒸发量减小,辐射增强。以云南元谋干热河谷4个海拔梯度（1491.33、1730.20、1850.00、1925.57 m）中的植物为研究对象,选取叶片干物质含量（LDMC）、叶面积（LA）、比叶面积（SLA）、叶片厚度（LT）和叶密度（LD）5个功能性状,研究它们的相互关系,比较了海拔间的差异。结果表明：1）5个功能性状在不同海拔间均呈现出一定差异,变异系数由高到低为LD>LA>SLA>LT>LDMC（分别是101%、64%、56%、41%和19%）;方差分析结果也表明,5个功能性状在不同海拔之间差异显著（F=56.218,P<0.01;F=7.829,P<0.01;F=11.21,P<0.01;F=7.429,P<0.01;F=19.213,P<0.01）,尤其是在最低（1491.33 mm）和最高（1927.57 mm）海拔之间,各性状均具有极显著的差异;2）性状之间存在组合关系, LD与其他性状间相关性最为明显,除LDMC以外,LD与LA、SLA、LT均呈现出极显著负相关关系;LDMC与LA和LT呈极显著负相关;SLA与LA和LT呈正相关,而与LDMC显著负相关;LT与SLA显著正相关,与LA之间相关性不显著;3）在不同的海拔梯度之间,性状组合存在非同步变化现象。研究显示,元谋干热河谷地区,植物对水分环境的海拔梯度变化产生功能性状组合的响应,低海拔和高海拔物种对所处环境的适应策略不同,使得植物在海拔梯度上出现叶片功能性状组合的分化和差异。     

基于实测台风数据的超高层建筑非线性计算

基于从有限元模型导出的多自由度系统和实测台风数据，对深圳地王大厦进行了非线性数值模拟。比较研究了振幅相关阻尼与一系列常数阻尼对各种强度的台风激励下结构响应的影响。探讨了振幅相关阻尼的等效常数阻尼的存在性和特点，它与激励强度的关系和在脉动风平稳和非平稳条件下的特点，以及用它来进行超高层结构设计时可能会遇到的问题。     

近场长周期强地震动幅值谱研究

本文研究了近场长周期强地震动加速度的傅氏谱和功率谱模型及其参数估计方法,基于强地震动参数统计上的无向性,提出了一种结合地震学模拟模型和工程学统计回归模型的综合方法。文中定义了强地震动平稳段均方根加速度的计算方法,并通过均方根加速度建立了震源力学参数和强地震动工程参数间的关系。通过对目前使用的主观持时定义的应用分析,指出主观持时定义使得估计的地震动过程的峰值加速度的变异性与实际地震动过程的峰值加速度的变异性有显著不同,明显偏小,这对于结构抗震可靠度分析可能会得到失效概度偏小的结果,应引起工程界的重视。     

地基土特性变化对桩基抗震反应的影响

地震荷载作用下的桩基动力反应在工程设计中越来越受到重视。基于桩-土-结构整体动力有限元法,结合工程实例,建立有限元分析模型,设置粘弹性人工边界,研究水平地震荷载作用下地基土层特性变化对桩基抗震反应的影响。着重探讨了上软下硬和上硬下软两种土层分布情况下,软硬土层相对厚度及弹模比变化对桩基抗震反应的影响。结果显示:桩基和筏基交接处桩顶截面和软硬土层分界处的桩身截面均可能是内力最大截面,桩顶截面和软硬土分界处桩身截面都应是设计需考虑的控制性截面,地基土层特性变化对于桩基弯矩的影响较剪力的影响显著。     

Thermal Physiology,Disease, and Amphibian Declines on the Eastern Slopes of the Andes

Rising temperatures, a widespread consequence of climate change, have been implicated in enigmatic amphibian declines from habitats with little apparent human impact. The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), now widespread in Neotropical mountains, may act in synergy with climate change causing collapse in thermally stressed hosts. We measured the thermal tolerance of frogs along a wide elevational gradient in the Tropical Andes, where frog populations have collapsed. We used the difference between critical thermal maximum and the temperature a frog experiences in nature as a measure of tolerance to high temperatures. Temperature tolerance increased as elevation increased, suggesting that frogs at higher elevations may be less sensitive to rising temperatures. We tested the alternative pathogen optimal growth hypothesis that prevalence of the pathogen should decrease as temperatures fall outside the optimal range of pathogen growth. Our infection‐prevalence data supported the pathogen optimal growth hypothesis because we found that prevalence of Bd increased when host temperatures matched its optimal growth range. These findings suggest that rising temperatures may not be the driver of amphibian declines in the eastern slopes of the Andes. Zoonotic outbreaks of Bd are the most parsimonious hypothesis to explain the collapse of montane amphibian faunas; but our results also reveal that lowland tropical amphibians, despite being shielded from Bd by higher temperatures, are vulnerable to climate‐warming stress. Fisiología Termal, Enfermedades y Disminuciones de Anfibios en las Laderas Orientales de los Andes     

Responses to natural and man-made hazards in Borno, Northeast Nigeria

This is a study of the responses of the people of eastern Borno to the twin hazards of drought and of an irrigation project stranded by the recent low level of Lake Chad. The environmental awareness of the people has been much influenced by access to information, particularly radio. There was a perceptual dissonance; drought is discerned as a natural act of God, but lake recession is seen as man-made. There is also a gap between responses perceived as appropriate and actual responses consequent on the constraints imposed by the process of modernization, notably the introduction of the South Chad Irrigation Project (SOP). Traditional response mechanisms involving the norm of reciprocity, the use of community resources, agricultural adaptations and sharing have become relatively insignificant in Borno. These are being replaced by emigration, lake floor cultivation and household diversification     

Characterization of water-in-crude oil emulsions in oil spill response

The formation of water-in-crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spired into sea. The water-in-crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the choices made relating to oil spill countermeasures. The water-in-crude oil emulsions were characterized using various techniques in this study. The environmental scanning dectron microscopy observation of water droplets in the emulsions is also presented. It is a powerful tool in emulsion observations.     

建立汕头港溢油应急反应体系的设想

根据汕头港水域状况及溢油事故概况，阐述了建立汕头港溢油应急反应体系的必要性，并提出了建立这一体系的设想。     

"利达洲18"轮污染事故应急处理与思考

结合“利达洲18”轮溢油事故全过程,分析了应对突发性油污染事故存在的问题,提出了相应的意见和建议。