Not just a matter of knowledge. The Katrina debacle

The paper deals with hurricane Katrina, which hit the Gulf coast of the US at the end of August 2005, with disastrous consequences. The paper sketches the chronicle of the main events and deals with preparation and response in New Orleans, exploring the connection between knowledge and disaster management policies, in particular communication policy. The main failures in applying and sharing available information for preventing and limiting damage are attributed to lack of coordination between elected officials, authorities and agencies at all levels. The critical role of the media in shaping the perception of the event and the immediate response to it is also highlighted.     

Wildfire Effects on the Quantity and Composition of Suspended and Gravel-Stored Sediments

In August of 2003 a severe wildfire burnt the majority of Fishtrap Creek, a 170 km² catchment in central British Columbia, Canada. The objective of this study was to determine the short-term (15-month) influence of the wildfire on the amount and composition of fine sediment delivery and retention in the system and to compare it to a similar unburnt catchment. In the spring of 2004 automatic water samplers were installed at a gauging site on Fishtrap Creek to collect suspended sediments from the snowmelt runoff and gravel traps were deployed on the channel bed surface to collect composite samples of suspended fine sediment. Jamieson, the reference creek, exhibits similar geology and pre-burn vegetation and was sampled in the same manner for comparison. Composite suspended sediment collected in the traps was removed from the streams in mid-summer and early September. Quantitative estimates of the amount and particle size structure of the naturally stored fine sediment in, and on, the gravel creekbed were obtained in pre-melt, mid and late-summer conditions. Estimates of suspended sediment yields indicated that while the burnt system delivered 66% more material per unit area, the total seasonal suspended sediment yield was low (855 kg km⁻²) compared to other fire-disturbed systems. While the burnt catchment was primed to deliver sediment, the hydrologic drivers were not of sufficient magnitude to generate a substantial response, suggesting that in this first post-fire year the system was transport-limited, not supply-limited. Differences were noted in the spatial and seasonal composition of the <500 more OM% composite suspended sedimentswith the burnt catchment having significantly (P≤0.05) more OM%. Seasonally a significant increase of OM% in late summer samples was associated with instream biofilms and possible delivery of black carbon. The system’s post-fire response was not geomorphically substantial but significant biological differences were noted in the short-term.     

水库地震的地震动特性

利用新丰江、黄壁庄、喀什、龙羊峡、官厅、刘家峡和陡河等水库地震的近场地面运动资料，给出了水库地震地震动的峰值加速度衰减关系、频谱特性和持续时间。分析结果表明，较：天然地震而言，水库地震的地面运动峰值加速度高，衰减快；地震动反应谱特征频率高，持续时间短；场地卓越周期以坚硬基岩的最短，硬土次之，软土最长。研究得到的水库地震的地震动衰减关系和频谱特性可为水工结构的抗震设计和加固提供借鉴。     

地震作用下列车过桥安全性分析

通过建立的地震荷载作用下车桥系统动力响应分析模型,对不同的高速列车在典型地震荷载作用下通过秦沈客运专线上多跨双线简支箱梁桥的全过程进行了仿真分析,对影响地震发生时高速铁路常用跨度简支梁桥动力响应行为和车辆运行安全的主要因素进行了分析和研究,其结果表明增大桥梁结构的阻尼比可有效改善桥梁本身的抗震性能,但对提高列车在地震时过桥的安全性意义不大;地震作用使车体的横向振动加速度以及脱轨系数、轮重减载率和横向轮轨力等各项安全评价指标均随列车速度的提高而增大,因此,在评价地震作用下高速铁路简支梁桥上列车的走行安全性时,必须考虑列车运行速度的影响;给出了确保地震发生时高速列车在桥上安全运行的临界速度限值。     

基于GIS的多模式重大危险源监控系统的研究

重大危险源的动态监控是安全保障和环境保护的重要技术环节,地理信息科学与技术的发展为实现重大危险源动态监控奠定了基础。笔者分析GIS在重大危险源现场环境浓度监测与预警、现场应急救援管理、重大危险源信息管理和事故趋势预测等子系统中应用的技术可行性;在扩展重大危险源管理信息系统基本功能的基础上增加监视和控制功能;为青岛市某化肥厂成功开发了具有监视监测、预报预警、应急辅助决策和处置工艺等一系列模块,涵盖安全保障的预防、预警、应急和处置的各个环节的多模式重大危险源监控系统。实现了多参数实时监控、自动预警和应急辅助决策。     

Neural-fuzzy control system application for monitoring process response and control of anaerobic hybrid reactor in wastewater treatment and biogas production

Based on the developed neural-fuzzy control system for anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) in wastewater treatment and biogas production, the neural network with backpropagation algorithm for prediction of the variables pH, alkalinity (Alk) and total volatile acids (TVA) at present day time t was used as input data for the fuzzy logic to calculate the influent feed flow rate that was applied to control and monitor the process response at di erent operations in the initial, overload influent feeding and the recovery phases. In all three phases, this neural-fuzzy control system showed great potential to control AHR in high stability and performance and quick response. Although in the overloading operation phase II with two fold calculating influent flow rate together with a two fold organic loading rate (OLR), this control system had rapid response and was sensitive to the intended overload. When the influent feeding rate was followed by the calculation of control system in the initial operation phase I and the recovery operation phase III, it was found that the neural-fuzzy control system application was capable of controlling the AHR in a good manner with the pH close to 7, TVA/Alk < 0.4 and COD removal > 80% with biogas and methane yields at 0.45 and 0.30 m3/kg COD removed.     

应急响应手册2008版与2000版的差别

通过对应急响应手册2008版与2000版进行比较,找出2008版修订的内容,对于增加的内容进行了详细介绍。     

响应曲面法优化苯酚降解菌Pseudomonas stutzri JFL2008固定化细胞活化培养基

以聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠为复合载体,固定化Pseudomonas stutzri JFL2008,通过响应曲面法优化活化培养基,考察活化培养的固定化细胞降酚能力。结论：在连续完全降解1 000 mg/L苯酚过程中,活化培养比未经活化培养的固定化细胞多运行10个批次,表明响应曲面法适用于活化培养基的优化。     

Anatomical and physiological divergences and compensatory effects in two Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) ecotypes in Northeast China

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomical and physiological differences between two Leymus chinensis ecotypes coexisted in semi-humid meadow and semi-arid steppe. The study addressed the hypothesis that, at same habitat, the two ecotypes exhibit remarkable divergences in adaptive strategies under drought and salinity, and the function of these strategies is compensatory. Leaf samples were collected from each type at the two sites in field. Sections of 2 cm × 2 cm were cut from the middle of fully expanded leaves and fixed in FAA. Leaf anatomical traits (e.g. stomatal density, leaf thickness and vessel diameters) were examined, and leaf mass per area (LMA), relative water content (RWC), proline, K⁺ and Na⁺ were measured. Compared with the gray green type (GG), the yellow green type (YG) with relative greater LMA and leaf thickness, lower stomatal density and index exhibited more obvious xerophil-liked anatomical traits, while higher RWC, proline, K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ for the GG type suggested that the ability of osmotic adjustment and salt tolerance of the GG type were stronger than the YG type. Stronger xerophytic anatomical traits were the supplementary strategies of the YG type for its low ability of osmotic adjustment and salt tolerance to drought and salinity.Concluding, there exist significant differences in anatomical and physiological strategies between the two ecotypes and the compensatory effects of these strategies enable the two ecotypes coexist at similar habitat.     

天津港环境风险防范及管理对策研究

分析了天津港主要的环境风险类型.并重点分析了天津港溢油事故风险、陆域储运事故风险、港口及其附近海域赤潮风险的发生原因及趋势.针对港口环境风险事故的成因提出了相应的防范对策议,并在此基础上建立了天津港环境风险应急响应程序和风险事故应急决策支持系统.最后,结合环境风险防范及应急体系中存在的障碍和天津港未来的发展趋势,提出了提高天津港突发性环境事件应急水平的建议,并可为其他港口所借鉴.