Using individual‐condition measures to predict the long‐term importance of habitat extent for population persistence

Habitat loss and fragmentation are causing widespread population declines, but identifying how and when to intervene remains challenging. Predicting where extirpations are likely to occur and implementing management actions before losses result may be more cost‐effective than trying to reestablish lost populations. Early indicators of pressure on populations could be used to make such predictions. Previous work conducted in 2009 and 2010 identified that the presence of Eastern Yellow Robins (Eopsaltria australis) in 42 sites in a fragmented region of eastern Australia was unrelated to woodland extent within 500 m of a site, but the robins’ heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios (an indicator of chronic stress) were elevated at sites with low levels of surrounding woodland. We resurveyed these 42 sites in 2013 and 2014 for robin presence to determine whether the H:L ratios obtained in 2009 and 2010 predicted the locations of extirpations and whether the previous pattern in H:L ratios was an early sign that woodland extent would become an important predictor of occupancy. We also surveyed for robins at 43 additional sites to determine whether current occupancy could be better predicted by landscape context at a larger scale, relevant to dispersal movements. At the original 42 sites, H:L ratios and extirpations were not related, although only 4 extirpations were observed. Woodland extent within 500 m had become a strong predictor of occupancy. Taken together, these results provide mixed evidence as to whether patterns of individual condition can reveal habitat relationships that become evident as local shifts in occupancy occur but that are not revealed by a single snapshot of species distribution. Across all 85 sites, woodland extent at scales relevant to dispersal (5 km) was not related to occurrence. We recommend that conservation actions focus on regenerating areas of habitat large enough to support robin territories rather than increasing connectivity within the landscape.     

Variation in Physiological Stress between Bridge‐ and Cave‐Roosting Brazilian Free‐Tailed Bats

Abstract: Since the late 1980s, Brazilian free‐tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) have increasingly used bridges as roosts in the southern United States. We examined differences in blood cortisol levels, body condition, and parasite load, as measures of physiological stress in bats roosting in bridges and bats roosting in caves. We collected data during three periods, coinciding with female phases of reproduction. For all measures, bats were captured during the nightly emergence from the roost and immediately sampled. Cortisol levels were significantly higher during pregnancy and lactation and in individuals with lower body‐condition scores (length of forearm to mass ratio) and significantly higher in bats roosting in caves than in those roosting in bridges. Thus, we concluded that individuals of this species that roost in bridges are not chronically stressed and seem to be unaffected by human activities present at bridges. This is a rare documented instance where a human‐dominated environment does not appear to be adversely affecting the physiological health of a free‐ranging animal.     

汽车色彩设计对交通安全的影响研究

人的因素对道路交通安全的影响最大,色彩作用于人的生理与心理,能给人不同的心理感受.介绍了色彩的属性和几种常见颜色的色彩心理;根据色彩的生理心理特性,从车身和驾驶室配色等方面,采用安全心理学和色彩心理学以及定性分析的方法,分析了汽车色彩对交通安全和驾驶员反应的重要影响;最后提出了对汽车进行安全色彩设计的构想,并给出汽车安全色彩设计的原则、体系和步骤;对车身和驾驶室进行安全色彩设计,其中合理的色彩模拟系统的开发是关键.与其他有效的交通管理措施相结合,从而达到交通系统和谐的效果.     

卵圆卡盾藻溶血毒素产毒的影响因素研究

研究了卵圆卡盾藻(Chattonella ovata)在不同环境因子下的溶血活性特征。根据卵圆卡盾藻的生长曲线,分别收集对数生长期、稳定期、衰亡期的藻细胞进行溶血毒性的测定。采用不同温度、盐度和营养元素结构的培养基对卵圆卡盾藻进行培养,对不同培养条件下的藻细胞进行溶血活性的测定。结果表明,卵圆卡盾藻衰亡期藻细胞的溶血活性最强,达到29.5×10-7HU/cell(HU,Hemolytic Unit,溶血单位),其次为对数生长期(21.9×10-7HU/cell)。在10~25℃培养条件下,温度对藻细胞溶血活性无显著影响;在盐度15~25 psu范围内,藻细胞溶血活性变化不明显,而高盐度(33 psu)能够刺激溶血毒素的产生。在Fe限制时,藻细胞溶血活性最强(37.4×10-7HU/cell),为正常培养条件下(f/2培养基)溶血活性值(18.8×10-7HU/cell)的2.0倍;其次为P限制,藻细胞的溶血活性值为24.1×10-7HU/cell;N、Mn限制条件下藻细胞溶血活性与正常培养条件无显著性差异。     

毛乌素沙地SPAC系统中各部分水分状况及其关系的研究

以SPAC理论为指导，用压力室法及烘干法测定了宁夏盐池沙地表征沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch．)和中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia KuangetH．C．Fu)水分生理特征的系列指标——植物水势、组织含水量等，比较了两种植物的水分生理特征；同时用TDR水分速测仪结合烘干法测定了土壤水分参数；通风干湿表和气压计测定大气水分状况。分析了两种植物的水分生理特征与环境的相互关系。结果表明油蒿和中间锦鸡儿有着适应干旱生境的水分生理特征，但避旱的具体方式不同。雨季时期土壤含水量较大，除了10cm左右土层处于难效状态外，其它各土层都处于易效状态。表层干土层的形成利于下层土壤水分的保持。水势梯度明显，时空变异规律明显，不论是油蒿还是中间锦鸡儿的叶水势值和大气水势相关性显著。     

高光和低光下木本植物形态和生理可塑性响应

光资源的时空异质性普遍存在.为了提高光利用效率或有效避免强光的伤害,植物通常采取多种调节措施.植物适应林下异质、多变的环境过程中,表型的可塑性是非常关键的.植物表型可塑性与其环境异质性密不可分.植物通过生长变化、生物量分配、光合器官结构调整、叶氮分配、抗氧化防御系统、热耗散机制,以及长期的表型可塑性来增大截取光资源的潜力和实际光资源利用效率,同时也为自身提供了一种有效的保护机制.大量实验证明,阳生植物比阴生植物表现出较大的表型可塑性,且其可塑性方式存在差异.本文主要阐述了植物对高光和低光条件的形态和生理可塑性适应,为了解植物在极端光照条件下生存与繁殖提供参考.大量的人工模拟与自然光照实验有待进行来阐明植物对自然光照条件的适应,为植被恢复和重建提供参考和依据.参96     

利用观赏植物白雪姬修复铅污染的潜力研究

以添加了不同浓度铅的1/4Hoagland营养液为介质,对观赏植物白雪姬（Tradescantia sillamontana）进行人工模拟铅胁迫实验,探讨了白雪姬的铅富集性和铅胁迫下其生长、生理的变化.结果显示,在0～1500mg.L-1铅浓度范围,白雪姬地上部铅含量持续增长（p〈0.05）,根部铅含量先在500mg....     

3个树种凋落叶水浸提液对三叶鬼针草生长及抗性生理的影响

入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)对农业生产、生物多样性和生态系统安全有极大的威胁,利用植物间的化感作用抑制有害植物生长或开发植物源除草剂,是减少化学除草剂对环境负面影响的良好措施。常见树种巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和核桃(Juglans regia)叶片所含次生代谢物质对植物和微生物具有较强的化感潜力,可能会在入侵草本植物的防治上起到重要作用。选用巨桉、香樟和核桃凋落叶,分别制成不同浓度水浸提液,结合培养皿萌发试验和盆栽试验,通过测定三叶鬼针草发芽率、发芽速度、幼苗植株鲜质量、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量,综合评价3个树种凋落叶浸提液的作用效果。巨桉和香樟凋落叶浸提液可显著抑制三叶鬼针草的发芽。三叶鬼针草地上部分鲜质量明显受到高浓度巨桉凋落叶浸提液的抑制,而香樟和核桃凋落叶浸提液的抑制作用微弱;3个树种凋落叶浸提液对三叶鬼针草过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性具有促进作用,而对其过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性具有抑制作用;巨桉凋落叶浸提液处理三叶鬼针草抗氧化酶系统表现出"钝化"响应,而其体内丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著增加;对巨桉和香樟凋落叶浸提液而言,三叶鬼针草可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随浸提液剂量的增加而升高,而在核桃凋落叶浸提液处理下则表现出低促高抑的效应。总体来看,3个树种凋落叶含有干扰三叶鬼针草生长的物质,但效应因树种和浸提液浓度而异。相比较而言,巨桉凋落叶浸提液的综合抑制作用最强,香樟次之,核桃最弱。     

潜水式生态介质箱的优化设计及其修复黑臭水体的效果比较研究

第一代潜水式生态介质箱(装置组)能修复深层黑臭水体,但其对下层水体溶解氧的增加能力有限.本文在现有第一代生态介质箱的基础上增设水下深层化学增氧器并更换环境矿物基质,视为第二代生态介质箱(联合组),分别以未经任何处理的水样(空白组)、将沉水植物种植在底泥上(苦草组)作为对照,比较了联合组、装置组、苦草组修复黑臭水体的效果...     

硅营养缓解水稻幼苗Cd、Cr毒害的生理研究

两系法杂交稻“培杂山青”和常规稻“双桂３６”幼苗经较高浓度的Ｃｄ２＋（ｃ＝９．６～３８．４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）或Ｃｒ３＋（ｃ＝７．５～２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理可使其叶片光合速率、叶绿素（ａ＋ｂ）含量、叶绿素ａ／ｂ比值、叶片可溶性糖、淀粉及可溶性蛋白质含量降低，而叶片的ＰＯＤ活性提高；低浓度Ｃｄ２＋（ｃ＝４．８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和Ｃｒ３＋（ｃ＝２．５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理幼苗对上述生理指标有提高作用，但ＰＯＤ活性稍降低．加Ｓｉ（Ｎａ２ＳｉＯ３）［ｃ（ＳｉＯ２）＝１．３３１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ］的Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ处理比不加Ｓｉ的Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ处理的幼苗叶片上述生理指标明显提高，且明显降低其ＰＯＤ活性．说明Ｓｉ在不同程度上起到缓解Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ对水稻幼苗的毒害作用．而ｃ（Ｃｒ３＋）＝２５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ是“双桂３６”幼苗的致死浓度