菹草生理特性对底质物理性质变化的响应

沉水植物的恢复是水生态修复的关键,但在光照、溶解氧以及水力条件等满足的情况下,不同性质的底质会影响沉水植物的生长。以菹草（Potrmogeton crispus）为研究对象,通过向过适宜营养条件下的底泥中添加原底泥30%、70%、100%体积量的沙,以改变底质的物理性质,在30 d内测定菹草的过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、植物叶绿素、植物干物率、植物根系活力的变化情况。结果表明,几种处理试验组中,掺加原底泥体积70%沙组的CAT活性响应得较慢,在第20天时才达最大;全底泥和掺加原底泥体积30%沙的2个试验组10 d后POD活性持续上升,而掺加原底泥体积70%和100%组对POD的响应则几乎停止;各试验组植物叶绿素整体呈现下降趋势,但掺加原底泥体积100%沙组中植物叶绿素最高。植物干物率在20 d后都呈现下降的趋势。研究表明,若只通过加沙改变河道底质性质,则加原底泥体积70%～100%的沙对菹草的生长相对最有利。     

Effects of clonal integration on the growth and physiology of Phalaris arundinacea under simulated herbivory北大核心CSCD

In order to investigate the effects of clonal integration on the adaptation of clonal plants to the environmental stress of homogeneous herbivory, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the ecophysiological response characteristics of Phalaris arundinacea collected from the riparian zone of the Poyang Lake wetland and Le'an River in Jiangxi Province and the effect of clonal integration on this dominant plant under two-months of simulated cyclical homogenous herbivory. Simulated herbivory strength was set at four different levels: no leaf removal (control) and 25%, 50%, and 75% leaf removal. We implemented two methods of clonal integration including no integration, in which the rhizome connection was severed, and integration, in which the rhizome connection was intact. We found that simulated herbivory significantly decreased the number of leaves, total shoot length, number of ramets, and biomass of P. arundinacea (P < 5%), regardless of whether the rhizomes were intact or severed. Ramets with severed rhizome connections (RRC) generally had higher growth indices than those with intact rhizome connections (RIC). Severing rhizomes did not significantly affect the chlorophyll content of P. arundinacea, while RRC under simulated herbivory intensities of 25% and 50% leaf removal had higher chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (Chlt) contents than RIC did, and simulated herbivory increased the chlorophyll contents of all ramets. RRC net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) were all higher in RRC than they were in RIC under simulated herbivory intensities of 50% and 75% leaf removal; however, the opposite relationship was observed under a simulated herbivory intensity of 25% leaf removal. Further, simulated herbivory limited the photosynthetic index of P. arundinacea. These effects resulted in an inadequate accumulation of nutrients in the plant. Phalaris arundinacea can adapt to simulated herbivory treatments in terms of growth, but clonal integration cannot improve the growth of P. arundinacea under a homogeneous herbivory treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

苏丹草对铜尾矿的适应性研究

针对铜尾矿废弃地的复垦,选用苏丹草进行5种不同改良方式的盆栽试验.不同盆栽处理以m(尾矿土)∶m(菜园土)分别为0∶100,25∶75,50∶50,75∶25和100∶0配比混合而成.结果表明,低尾矿土含量处理对苏丹草生长无明显抑制现象,抗氧化酶活性随尾矿土含量上升而升高.在纯尾矿土处理中,苏丹草抗氧化酶系统平衡被破坏,MDA含量显著上升,ρ(叶绿素)下降,植物株高和干质量明显降低.通过对苏丹草地上和地下部分对不同尾矿土含量土壤中铜的吸收研究可知,其对铜不具备积累特性.虽然苏丹草对铜的积累量较小,但是由于能适应矿业废弃地极端的环境并且具有一定的耐性,生物量大,故可以选择用于铜矿废弃地的植被重建.      

烟根腐解物对烟草生长的影响

烟草生产过程中会产生大量烟草残体,为了研究烟草残体对烟草生长的影响,将烟根、水稻土和无菌水按一定比例混合后,在适当条件下培养得到烟根腐解物.将烟根腐解物按不同的施用量设置6个处理组,并以未施用烟根腐解物组作为对照,分别在烟草生长的团棵期、旺长期和成熟期测定烟草的农艺性状、根系活力、硝酸还原酶(nitrate reduc...     

聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对大蒜生长生理的影响

自然环境中的微/纳米塑料污染日趋严重,但纳米塑料对农作物生长的潜在影响尚不清楚.通过营养液培养方式,探讨了粒径为80 nm的聚苯乙烯纳米塑料（polystyrene nanoplastics,PS-NPs）对金乡大蒜（Allium sativum L.）叶绿素含量、抗氧化性能和营养品质的影响.结果显示,添加PS-NPs处理的大蒜,其叶片叶绿素含量均显著低于对照组,叶绿素的合成受到抑制.大蒜叶片SOD、APX活性和脯氨酸含量随着PS-NPs质量浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势.10 d处理时大蒜叶片POD活性随PS-NPs质量浓度的增加而上升,但在20 d处理时,各处理组POD活性均受到抑制.大蒜叶片MDA质量摩尔浓度随PS-NPs质量浓度的增加而增加,在ρ（PS-NPs）为100 mg·L^-1处理下,10 d和20 d处理时其含量相比对照分别增加43.24%和89.70%.同时,经ρ（PS-NPs）为100 mg·L^-1胁迫处理10 d后,大蒜叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和维生素C含量均高于对照组,但20 d后,维生素C含量较对照则降低了26.53%.以上结果表明PS-NPs能对大蒜产生较为显著的氧化胁迫效应,且较高质量浓度的PS-NPs胁迫会对大蒜叶片的营养品质产生一定的影响.     

Physiological Method of Evaluating Protective Clothing for Work in a Cold Environment

The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of physiological studies in the evaluation of protective clothing for work in a cold environment. The study included the examination of the dynamics of changes in chosen physiological parameters (core and skin temperatures, heart rate, pulmonary minute ventilation) as well as physical ones (the temperature and relative humidity under the clothes) during work in protective clothing with unknown thermal insulation. The experiment was conducted in extreme environmental conditions (–10 and –15°C) at a work load defined by the clothing manufacturer as moderate. Results show that thermal equilibrium was achieved and maintained throughout the investigated work time (60 min) and that the protective clothing ensures safety on the time scale of a regular 8-hour work day. It was also shown that the dynamics of thermal stress physiological parameters can be used to determine the maximum duration of exposure for cold protective clothing with unknown thermal insulation.     

Interactive effects of multiscale diversification practices on farmland bird stress

Farmland diversification practices (i.e., methods used to produce food sustainably by enhancing biodiversity in cropping systems) are sometimes considered beneficial to both agriculture and biodiversity, but most studies of these practices rely on species richness, diversity, or abundance as a proxy for habitat quality. Biodiversity assessments may miss early clues that populations are imperiled when species presence does not imply persistence. Physiological stress indicators may help identify low-quality habitats before population declines occur. We explored how avian stress indicators respond to on-farm management practices and surrounding seminatural area (1-km radius) across 21 California strawberry farms. We examined whether commonly used biodiversity metrics correlate with stress responses in wild birds. We used ∼1000 blood and feather samples and body mass and wing chord measurements, mostly from passerines, to test the effects of diversification practices on four physiological stress indicators: heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H:L), body condition, hematocrit values, and feather growth rates of individual birds. We then tested the relationship between physiological stress indicators and species richness, abundance, occurrence, and diversity derived from 285 bird point count surveys. After accounting for other biological drivers, landscape context mediated the effect of local farm management on H:L and body condition. Local diversification practices were associated with reduced individual stress in intensive agricultural landscapes but increased it in landscapes surrounded by relatively more seminatural area. Feathers grew more slowly in landscapes dominated by strawberry production, suggesting that nutritional condition was lower here than in landscapes with more crop types and seminatural areas. We found scant evidence that species richness, abundance, occurrence, or diversity metrics were correlated with the individual's physiological stress, suggesting that reliance on these metrics may obscure the impacts of management on species persistence. Our findings underscore the importance of considering landscape context when designing local management strategies to promote wildlife conservation.