石油污染土壤植物修复后对陆生高等植物的生态毒性

以经过5a植物修复处理后的石油污染土壤为供试土壤(柴油初始投加量分别为5 000,15 000,30 000 mg/kg),用重量法测定了土壤中残留矿物油含量,同时,以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为供试植物,以种子发芽及根伸长试验、早期幼苗生长试验、叶片内细胞色素P450单加氧酶(P450)含量、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;过氧化物酶,POD)活性及脂质过氧化产物(丙二醛,MDA)含量等为指标对受试土壤进行生态毒理学综合评价.化学分析结果表明,各处理土壤中的矿物油均     

Accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa L.: II. Enzyme study

Two wetland plant species, Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa, were grown in a glasshouse under hydroponics conditions. Enzyme extracts from different parts of the plants were used to determine the transformation rate of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT and PCBs. The organic pollutants were directly spiked into the enzyme extracts, and samples were collected every 30 min and analyzed with a GC-ECD. Root extracts of P. australis readily degraded and transformed DDT and some PCB congeners with a low degree of chlorination. In contrast, crude extracts of O. sativa showed no appreciable degradation or transformation of DDT or PCBs. Inhibition studies indicated that the degradation and transformation of both DDT and PCBs by P. australis enzymes were partly mediated by peroxidase and the plant P-450 system. PCBs with a high degree of chlorination were highly resistant to transformation or degradation by plant enzymes. Both wetland plant species accumulated substantial quantities of the persistent organic chemicals but had different degradation capacities. The enzyme systems in P. australis were much more effective that those in rice in the degradation and transformation of the organic pollutants.     

Transgenic Spartina alterniflora for phytoremediation

Perennial monoculture forming grasses are very important natural remediators of pollutants. Their genetic improvement is an important task because introduction of key transgenes can dramatically improve their remediation potential. Transfer of key genes for mercury phytoremediation into the salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is reported here. S. alterniflora plays an important role in the salt marsh by cycling of␣elements, both nutrients and pollutants, protects the coastline from erosion, is a keystone species in the␣salt marsh supporting a large food web, which in turn supports a significant segment of economy, including tourism, has an impact on cloud formation and consequently on global weather, and is thus an ecologically important species relevant for our life-support systems. Embryogenic callus of S. alterniflora was co-inoculated with a pair of Agrobacterium strains LBA4404 carrying the organomercurial lyase (merB) and mercuric reductase (merA) genes, respectively, in order to co-introduce both the merA and the merB genes. Seven stable geneticin resistant lines were recovered. The presence of merA and merB genes was verified by PCR and Southern blotting. All but one transgenic lines contained both the merA and the merB sequences proving that co-introduction into Spartina of two genes from separate Agrobacterium strains is feasible and frequent, although the overall frequency of transformation is low. Northern blotting showed differences in relative expression of the two transgenes among individual transformants. The steady-state RNA levels appeared to correlate with the phenotype. Line #7 showed the highest resistance to HgCl₂ (up to 500 μM), whereas line #3 was the most resistant to phenylmercuric acetate (PMA). Wild-type (WT) callus is sensitive to PMA at 50 μM and to HgCl₂ at 225 μM.     

野生观赏植物长药八宝对石油烃污染土壤的修复研究

植物修复作为一项绿色修复技术,是石油烃污染土壤有效而可行的修复方法之一.野生观赏植物应用于植物修复,不仅能展现野生植物的良好耐性,在治理污染的同时美化环境,还能发挥观赏植物的特性,避免将污染带入食物链.本研究通过温室盆栽试验探讨了野生观赏植物长药八宝(Hylotelephium spectabile(Boreau)H.Ohba)对大港油田石油烃污染土壤的修复潜力.结果表明:长药八宝对石油烃污染的盐碱土具备良好的耐性,虽然长药八宝的地上部生物量相对于对照组有所降低,但与修复活动更为相关的根部生物量并未受到明显抑制,长药八宝也未表现出明显的毒害症状;长药八宝对石油烃污染土壤的修复效果比较显著,当土壤石油烃浓度为11874 mg·kg-1、20075 mg·kg-1和38986mg·kg-1时,其降解率分别为47.99%、24.49%和22.98%,明显高于空白对照组的降解率(仅为32.37%、21.57%和17.64%)(p0.01);通过最大或然数法(most probable number,MPN)观测到11874mg·kg-1、20075 mg·kg-1和38986 mg·kg-1浓度的石油烃污染胁迫下,烷烃和芳烃降解菌的数量都要高于空白对照组,这在一定程度上促进了根际微生物对石油烃的降解.总之,长药八宝对一定浓度的石油烃污染盐碱土具备良好的耐性,对土壤中石油烃污染物具备较高的降解率,具备修复总石油烃浓度在40000mg·kg-1以下的石油烃污染盐碱土的能力.     

不同水分条件对蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的影响

采用室内盆栽实验研究了不同土壤含水量(绝对含水量10%~60%)对蜈蚣草的生物量、砷富集及蜈蚣草和土壤中砷的形态的影响.结果表明,土壤含水量35%~45%的范围内蜈蚣草的修复效率显著高于其他处理,可达到4.48%~5.00%.在此水分区间内,植物细胞的质膜透性较小且植株的生物量较大.蜈蚣草地上部和地下部的最大干重出现在45%的含水量下,分别为2.95 g·plant-1和11.95 g·plant-1.适宜的水分条件利于蜈蚣草吸收和累积土壤中的砷,35%的含水量下植株地上部和地下部的砷含量可分别达到307.3 mg·kg-1和218.6 mg·kg-1,而总砷累积量在40%的含水量下达到峰值2.81mg·plant-1.将土壤含水量控制为35%~45%,还可提高蜈蚣草地上部中As(Ⅴ)的还原效率,促进了蜈蚣草的砷解毒.研究结果对于蜈蚣草大规模种植和工程应用中的水分管理措施具有重要的指导意义.     

土壤镍污染植物修复的研究概况

随着工业、农业活动的发展,重金属镍污染已引起国内外广泛关注。生物体内积累过量的镍会导致细胞结构和生理过程发生改变,从而阻滞生长发育,对动、植物造成不良影响。植物修复是近年来治理土壤重金属污染的重要手段之一,治理镍污染土壤的主要植物修复方法有植物吸收、植物提取、植物根系过滤和植物-微生物联合修复。而对镍超富集植物收获物的处理方法目前采用多种传统方法的复合工艺,除了克服传统方法的缺点,还能对镍加以回收,提高了资源利用化。     

螯合剂在植物修复铅污染土壤中应用的研究现状及展望

土壤铅污染危害严重。已成为环境污染治理中的热点问题。植物修复以其操作简便、成本低、没有二次污染等优点成为众多修复方法中的首选措施。重金属铅污染的螯合诱导技术是在化学修复、植物修复的基础上发展起来的,具有绿色、环保、经济高效等优点,本文主要分析了国内外铅污染的现状,从螯合剂的种类以及螯合剂诱导下植物对铅吸收和累积效应等方面综述了螯合剂诱导强化植物修复技术的研究进展,最后提出了重金属铅污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复技术存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

内陆湖泊富营养化内源污染治理工程对比研究

湖泊富营养化是重大水环境污染问题,目前我国正在开展富营养化的研究及其综合治理。本文分析了底泥疏浚工程、生态引水工程和水生植物修复三种典型的内陆湖泊内源污染治理工程技术在治理湖泊富营养化过程中的作用,综述了三种工程措施在国内外的运用现状,比较了三种措施在改善湖泊水环境过程中的优点和不足,指出在解决湖泊富营养化问题时单独使用其中一种方法都存在的局限性,在此基础上,以滇池为例,对三种工程措施的治理效果和结合途径进行探讨。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对雌雄美洲黑杨吸收铅镉的影响

以雌雄美洲黑杨(Populus deltoides)为研究对象,砂培条件下,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus intraradices)对受Pb污染(200 mg·kg-1)、Cd污染(10 mg·kg-1)及复合污染的雌雄美洲黑杨Pb和Cd的富集与分配特征的影响,关注Pb/Cd复合污染独特的环境效应.结果表明:1未接种丛枝菌根真菌条件下,与单一污染相比,复合污染增加了美洲黑杨雄株叶、粗根、细根Pb和Cd含量;复合污染增加了雌株叶片中Pb和Cd含量,却降低了粗根和细根中Pb和Cd含量;复合污染条件下雄株Pb和Cd向地上部分器官的迁移率分别增加135%和78%,雌株则分别增加52%和18%.2复合污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌引起雄株Pb和Cd富集系数分别增加87%和6%,雌株则分别增加171%和65%;雄株Pb和Cd向地上部分器官的迁移率降低65%和69%,雌株则分别降低59%和53%.3Pb污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雌雄之间Pb积累量没有显著差异;Cd污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雄株总Cd积累量是雌株的1.7倍;复合污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌的雌株Pb和Cd总积累量分别是雄株的1.3和1.2倍.本研究表明,接种G.intraradices能提高美洲黑杨的Pb和Cd积累能力,对于不同污染条件下,应根据实际情况选择合适的杨树性别进行造林和生态修复.     

无柄小叶榕对盐碱地Cd、Cu的吸收特性及修复潜力

采用盆栽试验,研究无柄小叶榕(Ficus concinna var.Subsessilis)对盐碱地土壤重金属Cd和Cu的富集和转运能力,并探讨投加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL)对无柄小叶榕生长及其吸收Cd、Cu的影响.结果表明,人工模拟盐碱环境下无柄小叶榕能在不同浓度Cd、Cu单独或复合投加胁迫下正常生长,且体内重金属含量随投加浓度增大而升高,均表现为根地上部分;无柄小叶榕对Cd和Cu具有较强的富集能力,Cd的最大生物富集系数(BCF)为4.52±0.73,Cu为2.1±0.18,BCF值随着重金属投加浓度的增大逐渐减小,Cd、Cu转移系数(TF)均小于1;在Cd 50 mg·kg~(-1)、Cu 400 mg·kg~(-1)下的修复率最高分别为4.07%和2.66%;投加鼠李糖脂可以显著提高无柄小叶榕体内重金属的含量,土壤Cd 25 mg·kg~(-1)时,根部Cd含量最大提高了2.38倍,Cu 50 mg·kg~(-1)时根部Cu含量最大提高了1.91倍.综上,无柄小叶榕对温州重金属污染的盐碱地有很好的修复潜力,投加生物表面活性剂可有效提高无柄小叶榕对重金属Cd和Cu的吸收富集效率.