玉米和黄豆对酸性土壤中石油的去除效果

通过室外盆栽试验,比较了玉米(Zea mays)和黄豆(Glycine max)2种植物对酸性土壤中石油污染物的去除效果。结果表明,2种植物对土壤中石油具有良好的耐受性和去除效果。玉米和黄豆对石油烃的去除率分别可达38.41%～64.30%和34.24%～63.96%,而自然条件下石油去除率仅为23.77%～58.43%。聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)图谱分析结果显示,当w(石油)为0～17 295 mg.kg-1时,土壤微生物群落的丰度和多样性大致随着w(石油)的升高而呈下降趋势,植物根系能够选择性地促进根际微生物的增殖,且玉米根系的作用比黄豆明显。     

Phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils: Pre-screening for suitable plants and rhizospheral fungi

A field study was conducted in a petroleum-contaminated site in Kermanshah refinery (Iran) to find the petroleum-resistant plant species and the rhizospheral fungi for being used in bioremediation. Results showed that the amounts of petroleum pollution in non-vegetated areas is 6.8% and in vegetated areas is 2.2%. Plant samples were collected from petroleum-polluted areas and determined using morphological characters. It was found that eight plant species were growing on the contaminated sites: Polygonum aviculare, Amaranthus retroflexus, Noea mucronata, Alhaji cameleron, Crozophora heirosolymitrana, Poa sp., Convolvulus arvensis and Trifolium repense. The rhizospheral fungi of the plants were collected and determined using microscopic studies and taxonomical keys. The results determined the presence of 21 species in the rhizosphere of the plants growing in the polluted areas; three of these species were common in all of the plants and the others have species-specific distribution within the plants. The highest number of rhizospheral fungi (11 species) were determined for P. aviculare in non-polluted areas and nine species in polluted areas. It seems that the plant is the best candidate for using phytoremediation. However, the variation of fungi in petroleum-polluted areas was more than non-polluted zones. The culture of fungi in oil-contaminated media showed that, although all the studied fungi were resistant to low petroleum pollution (1% v/v), a few species, especially Fusarium species, showed higher resistance to petroleum pollution (10% v/v) and hence they may be suitable for mycoremediation in highly polluted areas.     

Plants growing in a mining area: screening for metal accumulator plants possibly useful for bioremediation

A field study was conducted in an iron mine in Hamedan (Iran) to find native accumulator plants and to evaluate the extent of metal bioaccumulation in the naturally growing vegetation. The concentrations of total As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn were found to be higher in the mine than in soil. These plants accumulated the highest amounts of the following metals in their roots: Euphorbia cheiradenia As, Stipa barbata Cd, Pb and Cr, Euphorbia macroclada Cu, Centaurea iberica Fe, Reseda lutea Mo, Salvia spinosa Ni and Zn, and Xanthium strumarium Se. In the aerial parts, the highest metal accumulation was found in Epilobium fragilis As, Carthamus oxyacantha Cd, Fe, Mn, and Pb, Verbascum speciosum Cu, Centaurea iberica Mo, Salvia spinosa Ni and Cr, Glaucium grandiflorum Se, and Malva neglecta Zn. Enrichment factors and bioconcentration factors were also determined; C. oxyacantha, S. spinosa, M. neglecta, C. iberica, V. speciosum, G. grandiflorum, and E. fragilis are the most effective accumulators and are proposed for phytoremediation of polluted soils.     

Effects of fertiliser and intercropping on cadmium uptake by maize

This study investigated the effect of fertilisation and intercropping on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Guangtian-2). Maize was intercropped with soybean, peanut, chickpea, alfalfa, adzuki bean, garden pea, amaranth, Chinese mustard, and flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that most legumes substantially enhanced Cd uptake by maize under different fertiliser treatments. Cd accumulation in the leaf tissues of maize was increased by garden pea to 1.5 times the amount in the control (maize alone) with PK fertiliser. Maize intercropped with garden pea absorbed 1225 μg plant^?1 Cd and transferred 925.9 μg plant^?1 Cd to above ground tissues. Adzuki bean proved as the most valuable intercrop for enhancing Cd extraction from soil by maize owing to its relatively large maize bioconcentration factor of 5.9 and large transfer factor of 0.47 in the no fertiliser treatment. The results suggest that legumes caused a greater effect than non-legumes on Cd concentration in maize under different fertilisers; application of NPK fertiliser had positive effects on Cd level in intercropped maize.     

Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on metal phytoextraction from contaminated soil by Brassica juncea

The present study deals with metal uptake by Brassica juncea in the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf 27 for Zn, Cu and Cd removal from brass and electroplating-industry effluent-contaminated soil. Inoculation of P. fluorescens significantly (p<0.05) increased water soluble (Ws) and exchangeable (Ex) metal content in contaminated soil in laboratory conditions and also enhanced plant biomass by 99% and chlorophyll content by 91% as compared to uninoculated plants in the greenhouse. The metal uptake by B. juncea followed the pattern Zn>Cu>Cd and increased with increasing plant growth duration. P. fluorescens inoculation increased root and shoot uptake of Zn by 3.05 and 2.69, Cu by 3.19 and 2.82 and Cd by 3.11- and 2.75-fold, respectively. BCF value for each metal was>1 and increased by 44%, 42% and 38% for Zn, Cu and Cd, respectively, in inoculated conditions, whereas TF remained unaffected and followed the order Zn>Cd>Cu. P. fluorescens inoculation also enhanced Ws fraction of Zn, Cu and Cd by 99%, 77% and 90% and Ex by 107%, 70% and 93%, respectively. Results depicted that association of B. juncea with P. fluorescens could be a promising strategy for enhancing soil metal bioavailability and plant growth for successful phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.     

龙葵、大叶井口边草和短萼灰叶对Pb、Cd和As污染农田的修复研究

以云南省个旧市重金属污染农田为研究对象,通过野外田间试验研究7种配置种植方式下龙葵(Solanum nigrum)、大叶井口边草(Pteris cretica var.nervosa)和短萼灰叶(Tephrosia candida)对Pb、Cd和As的吸收特征,探讨3种植物不同配置方式对Pb、Cd和As复合污染农田的修复潜力.结果表明:供试农田土壤Cd和As含量均超出GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》中的三级标准.所有不同植物配置种植方式中,龙葵地上部对Cd的吸收量最大,为(6.99±0.25) mg·kg-1,大叶井口边草地上部对As的吸收量最大,为(326.98±93.99) mg·kg-1,短萼灰叶地上部对Pb的吸收量最大,为(32.96±5.65) mg· kg-1,均低于超富集植物的临界阈值(Cd 100 mg· kg-1,As1 000 mg·kg-1,Pb 1 000mg· kg-1).比较7种种植方式对污染土壤中重金属的提取效率发现,单作龙葵条件下,龙葵地上部对Pb、Cd和As的吸收量最大,年吸收量分别为1 004.97、152.04和1 534.47g· hm-2,若将Cd和As污染农田土壤修复达到GB 15618-1995中的三级标准,提取效率分别为2.811 6％和1.413％.这说明单作龙葵对Pb、Cd和As复合污染农田具有一定修复潜力,但不适用于修复高浓度重金属污染农田.     

矿区重金属植被修复研究进展和趋势

植物修复是实现采矿区重金属修复以及综合治理的有效途径之一。国外常用的矿区土壤重金属植物修复技术包括植物固定、植物提取、植物挥发、植物过滤,以上技术理论和应用方面均起步较早。相比之下,我国在相关研究领域的研究均远落后于国外。迄今为止,国内外针对稀土矿区的生态修复研究比较缺乏,需在今后重点加强。     

植物去除空气污染物的机理研究进展

介绍了植物去除空气污染物的研究现状及机理,主要包括:通过叶表面的气孔和表皮吸收、吸附;植物体内代谢或者分泌酶催化氧化还原进入体内的污染物;通过植物联合根系微生物降解由于干湿沉降进入土壤或者水体中的污染物等.提出了在植物空气去除机理研究中存在的问题,以及未来需要研究的方向.     

受多氯代有机化合物污染土壤的植物修复初探

采用种植植物的方法,对受以HCB、pp'-DDT及γ-BHC为代表的PCOPs污染土壤的植物修复进行了初步研究.结果表明,种植黑麦草和大蒜都能不同程度降低土壤中PCOPs的含量,0～60 d时下降速率较快,60 d后下降速率减慢.植物修复能力的大小与植物种类、生育时期以及土壤受PCOPs的污染程度有关:黑麦草对受PCOPs污染土壤的修复能力略优于大蒜;在植物生育过程的前期和中期(0～60d),植物对PCOPs的吸收能力较强;对受较高浓度PCOPs污染的土壤,植物修复能力相对较强.土壤中的过氧化氢酶活性、pH值和有机质含量初步反映了土壤生物的变化情况,种植植物能促进土壤生物对PCOPs的吸收和利用.受污染土壤中减少的PCOPs有1.11%～10.25%被植物直接吸收,其它则可能是由于植物降解或种植植物后土壤环境的改变导致PCOPs被微生物降解.     

蜈蚣草对污染土壤中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的原位去除效果

通过2年的原位修复试验,探讨了蜈蚣草对污染土地中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的修复(去除)潜力.研究结果表明,蜈蚣草除了能富集As外,对Pb也有较强的富集能力,地上部Pb含量可高达1303mg·kg-1·蜈蚣草生物量达到了极大值时,地上部As、Pb、Zn、Cu含量可分别高达1455、937、365、101mg·kg-1.蜈蚣草对As和Pb都具有良好的修复效果,每年刈割2次蜈蚣草,As、Pb分别能够去除15.5kg·hm-2·a-1和8.5kg·hm-·2a-1.蜈蚣草对As、Pb、Zn有很强的耐性,在土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu含量高达10913、2511、510mg·kg-1时,不会显著降低蜈蚣草的生物量.