能源植物修复镉污染土壤对根际细菌网络结构的影响

选取油脂类能源植物大豆和碳水化合物类能源植物玉米,采用高通量测序方法研究大豆、玉米修复Cd污染土壤过程中根际土壤细菌群落组成,基于高通量测序数据采用分子生态网络分析细菌相互作用.结果表明,50 mg·kg-1Cd污染土壤中两种植物根部Cd浓度和积累量最高,转移系数TF分别为玉米0.78和大豆0.35.基于细菌16S r RNA基因的群落分析表明,大豆、玉米根际土壤细菌主要包括Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)31个门细菌组成,大豆、玉米种植均能影响土壤细菌群落组成,能影响Candidate division TM7 norank、Acidimicrobiales norank、Sphingomonas等丰度.分子生态网络分析表明种植大豆和玉米增加了细菌之间的相互作用,导致其网络结构更为复杂,关键细菌从不种植物处理的1个增加到种植大豆的6个和种植玉米的10个.     

Stabilization of metal processing plant sludge via sequential application of phytoremediation and pyrolysis

The aim of this study is to evaluate the metal removal ability of three different plants from metal processing sludge containing Pb, Cd, and Zn. Therefore, phytoremediation and pyrolysis were sequentially applied. In the phytoremediation applications, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), corn (Zea mays), and rape (Brassica napus) seeds were sown in sludge/soil mixtures at four different levels (25/75, 50/50, 75/25, 100/0). The chelating agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, was added to the mixtures for plant uptake during phytoremediation. At the phytoremediation stage, it was noted that rape was the most effective plant for the mixture of 75/25 sludge/soil, with metal removal efficiencies ranging between 80%–90%. At the pyrolysis stage, after harvesting, contaminated plants grown in a 75/25 sludge/soil mixture were pyrolyzed at 500 °C, with a heating rate of 35 °C/min. The results show that 60%–90% of the initial metal content was held by the solid product. In addition to this, it can be concluded that pyrolysis stabilizes metals into a solid product and that this solid product can be safely landfilled as inert waste since its toxicity leaching value is lower than the limit values.     

蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)对土壤中镉的胁迫反应及修复潜力研究

以洞庭湖湿地新发现的Cd高富集植物——蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,系统研究了蒌蒿在生长期内对Cd的性状反应及富集特征.结果表明,大于40mg.kg-1的Cd胁迫对蒌蒿叶片伤害明显,且导致生物量下降,但植株在100mg.kg-1胁迫下可完成生活史,对Cd有较强的耐受能力;土壤中有效态Cd的含量仅占土壤全Cd含量的15.3%～37.1%;相同胁迫浓度下,各生长阶段的植株体内Cd含量差别不大,但由于生物量的原因,幼苗期对Cd的提取量显著小于其他时期,其中40～60mg.kg-1的Cd处理可使蒌蒿地上部分Cd含量达492～588mg.kg-1(成株期),且植株对该浓度范围的Cd污染去除效果最好;蒌蒿可作为对湿地土壤Cd污染较理想的修复植物加以研究和利用.     

翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的海岸带修复的初步研究

研究了翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的天津渤海湾河口海岸带的修复效果.通过野外种植翅碱蓬试验,监测土壤中石油烃的质量比发现,翅碱蓬能使盐碱土壤中的石油烃质量比下降,种植翅碱蓬的盐碱土壤中的石油烃降解率比无翅碱蓬对照的盐碱土壤中的石油烃降解率高21.7%～37.9%.翅碱蓬生长情况良好,试验区植被得到恢复,覆盖率达到60%以上.结果表明,翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的盐碱土壤具有一定修复作用.     

土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的生物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一 ,是目前世界范围内的研究热点 ,亦是目前仅见的土壤污染治理的环境友好技术。主要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的原理、类型与技术 ,植物修复的优点 ,微生物修复等进展情况。并对今后的研究重点进行了简要的讨论     

Metabolic responses of weeping willows to selenate and selenite

Goal, Scope and Background Selenium (Se) is one of the most widely distributed elements of the earth’s crust at low concentrations. The extensive use of Se-containing chemicals due to anthropogenic activities has increased the ecological risk to environmental compartments. Plants, under unfavorable environmental conditions, often increase the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and consequently plant antioxidant enzymatic systems have been proposed to be important in plant stress tolerance. The goal of this study was to find out the metabolic responses of plants to Se, to provide quantitative information whether exogenous Se has a beneficial role in plants, and to investigate the potential of vegetation management of Se for potential phytoremediation. Material and Methods Pre-rooted plants of weeping willows (Salix babylonica L.) were grown hydroponically in growth chambers and treated with Na₂SeO₄ or Na₂SeO₃ at 24.0 ± 1°C for 168 h. Five different treatment concentrations were used, ranging from 0.44 to 8.72 mg Se/L for the treatments exposed to SeO₄²⁻ and from 0.50 to 10.0 mg Se/L for the treatments exposed to SeO₃²⁻, respectively. Transpiration rates, soluble protein contents and antioxidative enzyme activities of the plants were monitored to evaluate toxicity from exogenous Se exposure. At the end of the study, total Se in the hydroponic solution was analyzed by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS). Results Both chemical forms of Se at low concentrations showed growth-promoting effects on plants. A significant decrease of transpiration rates and of soluble protein contents of plants was observed at higher Se concentrations after 168 h of exposure. Measurable change of superoxide dismutases (SOD) activity in leaves was only detected under high Se treatments. Catalase (CAT) activity was significantly affected by the Se application. Slight change of peroxidase (POD) activity was measured in all treatments, whereas significant inhibition of POD activity was detected for the plants exposed to SeO₃²⁻ of 10.0 mg Se/L. Se-induced stress appeared in all treatments, thus resulting in measurable increase of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of the plants. Although both chemical forms of Se were taken up by weeping willows efficiently, their uptake rates were different. Discussion Of all measured parameters, POD and CAT activities in leaves were noted the most sensitive indicator for the plants exposed to SeO₄²⁻ and SeO₃²⁻, respectively. Deleterious effects on plant physiological functions due to Se application were not observed over 168 h of exposure. This is largely due to the fact that well-established antioxidant enzymatic systems in plants and higher activities of GSH-Px largely reduced the negative effects on plants; SeO₃²⁻ caused much more severe stress to plants than SeO₄²⁻ at higher Se application rates. The uptake mechanisms between the two chemical species were quite different. Conclusions Neither visible toxic symptoms nor metabolic lesions were observed at low concentrations of Se, probably due to the effective established enzymatic systems in weeping willows. All selected parameters for toxicity determination were significantly correlated to Se application, but metabolic responses of plants to SeO₄²⁻ and SeO₃²⁻ were quite different. GSH-Px in leaves was probably the principle enzyme responsible for stress reduction from Se exposure. Due to their different chemical properties, weeping willows showed a faster uptake rate for SeO₄²⁻ than for SeO₃²⁻. Recommendations Exogenous Se has a beneficial role in plants and vegetation management of Se is a potential remediation strategy in cleaning up Se-contaminated sites. Further investigation on the biochemical mechanism of Se metabolism will provide insight to the specific interactions between Se and plants on the molecular level. Perspectives Weeping willow has a sound potential for phytoremediation of Se-contaminated sediment and groundwater because the tree is not only tolerant to Se but also uptakes chemical species from the environment.     

Bioremediation model for atrazine contaminated agricultural soils using phytoremediation (using Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and a locally adapted microbial consortium

The objective of the present study was to examine a biological model under greenhouse conditions for the bioremediation of atrazine contaminated soils. The model consisted in a combination of phytoremediation (using Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and rhizopheric bio-augmentation using native Trichoderma sp., and Rhizobium sp. microorganisms that showed no inhibitory growth at 10,000 mg L^?1 of herbicide concentration. 33.3 mg of atrazine 50 g^?1 of soil of initial concentration was used and an initial inoculation of 1 × 10⁹ UFC mL^?1 of Rhizobium sp. and 1 × 10⁵ conidia mL^?1 of Trichoderma sp. were set. Four treatments were arranged: Bean + Trichoderma sp. (B+T); Bean + Rhizobium sp. (BR); Bean + Rhizobium sp. + Trichoderma sp. (B+R+T) and Bean (B). 25.51 mg of atrazine 50 g^?1 of soil (76.63%) was removed by the B+T treatment in 40 days (a = 0.050, Tukey). This last indicate that the proposed biological model and methodology developed is useful for atrazine contaminated bioremediation agricultural soils, which can contribute to reduce the effects of agrochemical abuse.     

水培翅碱蓬对重金属吸收的研究

由于人类活动以及工业化的迅速发展,滩涂湿地正在遭受前所未有的污染和破坏,其中重金属污染是主要污染问题之一。生物修复技术是近年发展起来的新型环境污染治理方法,它在去除污染的同时还具有较高的环保价值,因此受到人们的广泛关注。以中国北方滩涂湿地的优势种植物翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera kitag)为研究对象,通过测定翅碱蓬体内重金属的含量,分别探讨了翅碱蓬对单一Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd及Cu和Zn、Pb和Cd混合重金属的吸收规律、翅碱蓬不同部位对Cu的积累特性。实验结果表明,翅碱蓬对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的最大吸收速率分别为31、101、34、62mg/(kg.d);Cu的存在,促进了翅碱蓬对Zn的吸收,翅碱蓬各部位对Cu的积累量大小为根>茎>叶。     

Pb超富集植物金丝草（Pogonatherum crinitum）、柳叶箬（Lsache globosa）

重金属超富集植物是植物修复技术的核心和前提,但目前国内发现的Pb超富集植物较少,本研究通过野外调查和室内胁迫模拟实验相结合的方法,在国内首次发现并证实金丝草和柳叶箬为Pb的超富集植物。野外调查结果表明;金丝草地上部分Pb含量1 231.80 mg/kg,转运系数达到1.32,柳叶箬地上部分Pb含量1 818.40 mg/kg,转运系数6.5。室内模拟胁迫实验表明：在Pb胁迫浓度为5 000 mg/kg时金丝草和柳叶箬对Pb的转运系数均大于1,而且其地上部分Pb含量也超过1 000 mg/kg的水平。在Pb胁迫浓度为18 000 mg/kg时2种植物体内Pb含量达到最大值,金丝草地上部分和地下部分Pb含量分别达3 789.84 mg/kg和4 964.76 mg/kg,柳叶箬地上部分和地下部分Pb含量分别达3 411.56 mg/kg和1 523.02 mg/kg。     

Pb超富集植物金丝草（Pogonatherum crinitum）、柳叶箬（Lsache globosa）

重金属超富集植物是植物修复技术的核心和前提,但目前国内发现的Pb超富集植物较少,本研究通过野外调查和室内胁迫模拟实验相结合的方法,在国内首次发现并证实金丝草和柳叶箬为Pb的超富集植物。野外调查结果表明;金丝草地上部分Pb含量1 231.80 mg/kg,转运系数达到1.32,柳叶箬地上部分Pb含量1 818.40 mg/kg,转运系数6.5。室内模拟胁迫实验表明:在Pb胁迫浓度为5 000 mg/kg时金丝草和柳叶箬对Pb的转运系数均大于1,而且其地上部分Pb含量也超过1 000 mg/kg的水平。在Pb胁迫浓度为18 000 mg/kg时2种植物体内Pb含量达到最大值,金丝草地上部分和地下部分Pb含量分别达3 789.84 mg/kg和4 964.76 mg/kg,柳叶箬地上部分和地下部分Pb含量分别达3 411.56 mg/kg和1 523.02 mg/kg。