Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Shrimp Ponds and the Measures for Sustainable Management

Six ponds of age 3 were selected 45 km north from Suzhou in the Tailake region, and research conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in P. vannanmei(Penaeus vannanme) ponds and M. nipponense(Macrobrachium nipponense) hatchery ponds under normal management. Two treatments each had three replications. The results confirmed that feed was the major path of nitrogen and phosphorus input, each accounted for 61.24%(193.81 kg ha^–1) and 81.08%(45.20 kg ha^–1) of the total nitrogen and phosphorus input for P. vannanme ponds; the values for M. nipponense ponds were 43.93%(86.31 kg ha^–1) and 57.67%(14.61 kg ha^–1), respectively. Water pumped into ponds contributed on average 83.57 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 8.48 kg ha^–1 phosphorus for P. vannanmei ponds, and 87.48 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 7.00 kg ha^–1 phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Shrimp harvest recovered 102.81 kg ha^–1 nitrogen (32.94% of the total nitrogen input) and 7.94 kg ha^–1phosphorus (14.23% of the total phosphorus input) for P. vannanme ponds; and 43.94 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 4.46 kg ha^–1phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. The sum of nitrogen losses through volatilization, denitrification and sedimentation was 173.62 and 122.39 kg ha^–1, 54.86% and 62.29% of the total nitrogen input for P. vannanme ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds, respectively. Sediment accumulated 41.46 and 14.63 kg ha^–1 phosphorus, 74.37% and 64.85% of the total phosphorus input for P. vannanm ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Draining and seeping caused 40.06 kg ha^–1 nitrogen (12.66% of total nitrogen input) and 6.36 kg ha^–1 phosphorus (11.40% of total phosphorus input) loss to the surrounding water from P. vannanme ponds in 114 days; 30.14 kg ha^–1nitrogen (15.34% of the total input) and 4.45 kg ha^–1 phosphorus (17.57% of the total input) to channel water from M. nipponense hatchery ponds in 87 days, respectively. Countermeasures for sustainable pond management include improving feeds and feeding, sediment treatments, machine aerating, chemicals with no pollution, and integrated fish-shrimp cultivation. Management of water resources for pond and methods to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading into surrounding water from drainage are elucidated.     

玉米酒精糟液高蛋白饲料化技术研究

以所选育的９５０１和９５０２菌种混和培养处理玉米酒精糟液生产生物饲料蛋白，经约４０ｈ培养后糟液ＣＯＤ由５０８９０ｍｇ／Ｌ降为５１２４ｍｇ／Ｌ，酒糟滤波ＣＯＤ由３３４５０降为５１２４ｍｇ／Ｌ，降解率达８４．７－８９．９％，经国家饲料中心检测所得微生物蛋白与通常的ＤＤＧＳ产品相比在品质上有显著提高，氨基酸总量提高达１１．８６％，其中蛋氨酸和赖氨酸分别提高１１７％和１６０％，同时还含有大量的维生素（ＶＢ     

Risk assessment of a compound feed process based on HAZOP analysis and linguistic terms

The size and complexity of industrial plants, along with the characteristics of the products used, require a study, analysis and control of the existing risks in every industrial process.In this paper, a methodology for risk assessment in industrial plants, based on the combination of risks identification through the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis and the risks evaluation through linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers is applied to a case study consisting on a compound feed plant located in the town of Silla (Valencia, Spain).The results from this study show that the main risk in the compound feed production process is the formation of explosive atmospheres (ATEX). Therefore, the corrective measures will focus on reducing the concentration of dust in the atmosphere and eliminating the possible sources of ignition, such as electrostatic discharges or sparks during the different phases of the process (the grinding, the transport of the raw materials, etc.)     

猪粪堆肥中一株溶磷菌的筛选鉴定及溶磷能力初步测定

从猪粪堆肥中分离纯化得到一株具有较强溶磷能力的菌株PSM-1,进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,研究了其溶磷能力和遗传稳定性.结果表明:通过菌落形态和ITS基因序列分析鉴定,菌株PSM-1为产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum);在3种不同无机磷源液体培养基中其溶磷量依次为Ca3(PO4)2(138.36 mg·L-1)Fe PO4(117.38 mg·L-1)Al PO4(113.76 mg·L-1),且PSM-1的溶磷量均与培养液p H值呈现出显著负相关性;以葡萄糖为碳源、硝酸铵为氮源时,菌株PSM-1的溶磷量最高可达195.67 mg·L-1,比初始有效磷高141.42%;该菌株对碳源和氮源的利用效率分别依次为:葡糖糖蔗糖麦芽糖淀粉,硝酸铵硝酸钾硫酸铵草酸铵;经过20次传代培养后PSM-1的溶磷量保持在(124.54±3.50)mg·L-1,说明其溶磷遗传稳定性良好.研究表明:PSM-1菌株具有良好的溶解无机磷的能力,在土壤微生态改良方面具有重要的应用潜力.     

Optimization and evaluation of an air-recirculated stripping for ammonia removal from the anaerobic digestate of pig manure

An air-recirculated stripping involved two processes and did not require any pretreatment. First, stripping CO₂ decreased the buffer capacity of the anaerobic digestate, thereby reducing the amount of lime used to achieve a high pH. Second, lime was added to increase pH and remove ammonia from the anaerobic digestate of pig manure. pH increased from 8.03 to 8.86 by stripping CO₂ in the first process (gas-to-liquid ratio = 180) and further reached 12.38 in the second process (gas-to-liquid ratio = 300). During process optimization, the maximum ammonia removal efficiency reached 96.78% with a lime dose of 22.13 g. The value was close to 98.25%, which was the optimal result predicted by response surface methodology using the software Design-Expert 8.05b. All these results indicated that air-recirculated stripping coupled with absorption was a promising technology for the removal and recovery of nitrogen in the anaerobic digestate of pig manure.     

加饲不同数量的沼液对育肥猪的影响

用4组共32头仔猪进行了三种不同喂量的沼液饲养试验。试验结果表明,在饲料消化能为12.1MJ/kg、粗朊10％的营养水平下,按饲料量(风干重)的1.5倍加饲沼液对育肥猪有显著的增重效果(P<0.05),平均比对照净增20.6％,饲料利用率提高17％,育肥期缩短25％左右,有明显的生态效益和经济效益。     

Nitrogen transformations during pig manure composting

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅａｎｉｍａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｈａｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｈｉｇｈｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆａｎｉｍａｌｓｉｎｓｍａｌｌａｒｅａｓ,ｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｌａｒｇｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｗａｓｔｅｗｉｔｈｉｎｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｎｅａｒｂｙｌａｎｄｆｏｒａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ .ＩｎＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇ ,ｔｈｅｐｉｇｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｈａｓｓｅｅｎａｓｔｅａｄｙｇｒｏｗｔｈｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ .Ｉｔｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｉｎｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎ…     

铬渣烧结矿炼制含铬生铁工业化生产试验研究

采用铬渣烧结矿作为熔剂,在３０ｍ＾３小高炉上进行了冶炼含铬生铁的工业化生产试验,铬河中六价铬的还原率接近１００％,总铬的金属化还原率大于９４％,平均每吨产品铁吃渣量为２．２９８ｔ,最高达２．７８５ｔ。炼制含铬最大于１０％铁含铬生铁,需同时配入铬铁矿增铬,保持１４８０Ｋ以上的炉温,控制较低的碱度,配入辅料降低炉渣溶点,可显著善炉渣的流动性,成功地实现渣,铁分离排放。监测了试验过程的二次污染,需控制高     

活性污泥驯化技术与高浓度CTMP废水生物处理的研究

为探讨活性污泥处理高浓度ＣＴＭＰ制浆造纸废水,研究了活性污泥驯化工艺的良性对生物系统污泥沉降性能及处理效果产生的影响。３个月多的运行试验结果表明,改良后的污泥驯化工艺即间歇式与连续式进料相结合的污泥驯化工艺能够明显改善污泥沉降性能,污泥的ＳＶ３０为２９９０－３２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＳＶＩ为４８－５５ｍｌ／ｇ,并显著增加处理效果,ＣＯＤ去除率７７％－８５％,ＢＯＤ５去除率９０％－９５％,ＴＳＳ去除率７５％－     

厌氧复合床处理抗生素废水的生产性启动研究

处理抗生素废水的厌氧复合床反应器单体有效容积为500 m3,根据反应器中有机物降解和细胞合成的关系,建立了进料有机负荷模型M_n=(1+k)n-1M₁和进料容积负荷模型N_n=(1+k)n-1N₁.根据启动过程中细菌的生长特性和进料有机负荷模型的计算,提出了厌氧复合床反应器启动运行的进料负荷技术方案,成功地进行了厌氧复合床处理抗生素废水的生产性启动.