猪粪堆肥中铜锌与腐殖质组分的结合竞争

为研究猪粪堆肥中铜锌与腐殖质组分的结合竞争,以猪粪和秸秆为堆腐原料,进行了为期36 d的好氧堆肥实验,研究猪粪堆肥过程中腐殖质组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)、胡敏酸结合态铜锌、富里酸结合态铜锌含量的变化。结果表明,堆肥结束后,腐殖化程度提高,胡敏酸碳含量增加394.4%,富里酸碳含量降低64.9%,腐殖化指数从0.24增加到3.33;随着堆肥的进行,胡敏酸结合态铜锌含量分别增加394.3%和56%,而富里酸结合态铜锌含量分别下降17.5%和28.4%;相关分析表明,胡敏酸结合态铜、富里酸结合态锌与胡敏酸、富里酸碳含量及腐殖化指数均成显著相关(P<0.01);堆肥过程中,胡敏酸结合态铜与富里酸结合态铜之比大于1,而胡敏酸结合态锌与富里酸结合态锌小于1,另外,胡敏酸中的Cu/Zn大于1,而富里酸中的Cu/Zn小于1,表明在腐殖质中铜主要与胡敏酸结合,而锌主要与富里酸结合。研究揭示了猪粪堆肥中重金属铜锌与不同腐殖质组分的结合竞争关系,为畜禽粪便堆肥土地利用的风险评估和风险控制提供科学依据。     

混合水解对打捆麦秸水解产酸的影响

为研究混合水解对麦秸水解产酸的影响,以猪粪、厨余和蔬菜废物为原料,研究其分别与麦秸混合水解产酸的特性,分析了水解过程中pH值、COD、SCOD和VFAs的变化。结果表明,除麦秸＋蔬菜废物最佳出料时间为3～9d外,麦秸、麦秸＋厨余垃圾、麦秸＋猪粪水解液最佳出料时间均为3～7d,7d后水解液COD浓度下降;将蔬菜废物与麦秸混合水解,水解液pH值降低幅度最大,水解液中总有机酸浓度最高,pH值最低为5．31,有机酸浓度最高达6．46g／L,且水解液中SCOD浓度、SCOD／COD比值最大;添加猪粪明显促进了麦秸有机物的水解溶出,麦秸单位干物质水解率和产酸率较对照分别提高了43％～134％和50．53％,但对提高水解液SCOD浓度、SCOD／COD比、TVFA浓度、降低水解液pH值的效果不如蔬菜废物;添加厨余垃圾的效果介于猪粪和蔬菜废物之间。从促进麦秸水解产酸的角度,以添加猪粪的效果最好。     

Assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides with the transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants carrying recombinant guinea pig AhR and GUS reporter genes

Certain congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides are ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) in animals. A recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR, XgDV, was constructed by fusing the ligand-binding domain of gAhR, the DNA-binding domain of LexA, and the transactivating domain of VP16. Then, the expression unit of β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene regulated by XgDV was introduced into Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. When the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants were cultured on Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium containing PCB congeners, the GUS activity in the plants increased toxic equivalent (TEQ)-dependently. The GUS activity in the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants cultured on MS medium containing the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin was also induced. On the other hand, in the case of DDT, the GUS activity induced by 3-methylcholanthere in the plants decreased. The transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants detected 1000 ng g^?1 PCB126 in 1 g of soils. Thus the XgDV plants seemed to be useful for convenient assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides, without any extraction and purification steps.     

改性活性炭脱除硫化氢工艺参数研究

针对改性活性炭脱除硫化氢过程,研究了空速、温度、原料气浓度、颗粒分布孔径4个主要工艺参数对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明:空速在1 500～4 200h-1时穿透硫容随着空速的降低而增加,当空速继续降低为1 200h-1时穿透硫容基本不变;当0～40℃时,随着温度的升高,穿透时间增加,脱硫效率提高,当温度超过40℃时,随着温度继续升高脱硫效率降低;相同空速下原料气硫化氢浓度变化只改变穿透时间;改性活性炭脱硫剂发挥脱硫作用的微孔结构范围是1～5nm。     

盐城市生猪屠宰废水污染现状及防治对策研究

根据生猪屠宰场污染现状,提出了防治对策与建议。严把准入关、集中建设、优胜劣汰、强化监管是减少污染的必要措施。     

厌氧复合床处理抗生素废水的生产性启动研究

处理抗生素废水的厌氧复合床反应器单体有效容积为500 m3,根据反应器中有机物降解和细胞合成的关系,建立了进料有机负荷模型M_n=(1+k)n-1M₁和进料容积负荷模型N_n=(1+k)n-1N₁.根据启动过程中细菌的生长特性和进料有机负荷模型的计算,提出了厌氧复合床反应器启动运行的进料负荷技术方案,成功地进行了厌氧复合床处理抗生素废水的生产性启动.      

Kinetic analysis of transesterification of waste pig fat in supercritical alcohols

The kinetic analysis method using non-isothermal technique was proposed to determine the kinetic parameters for the transesterification reaction of waste pig fat in supercritical alcohols. To investigate the transesterification of waste pig fat, the waste pig fat to alcohol ratio (w/w) was varied from 1:1.5 to 1:2.5 between the temperatures 220 and 290 °C at an interval of 10 °C in a 25 mL batch reactor. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed kinetic analysis method, the experimental values were compared with the values calculated using the kinetic parameters obtained from this work. It was found that the proposed kinetic analysis method gave reliable kinetic parameters for the transesterification of waste pig fat in supercritical alcohols. Further, it was found that the apparent activation energy for supercritical ethanol was lower than the value for supercritical methanol.     

雌二醇在土壤/沉积物中的吸附特征及猪粪DOM对吸附的影响

天然类固醇雌激素如17β-雌二醇(E2)在极低质量浓度下(ng.L-1)即可干扰水生生物的生殖功能.为准确预测E2向水体迁移,通过摇床实验研究了E2在中国北方3种不同土壤/沉积物表面的吸附特征,同时探讨了猪粪及其堆肥可溶态有机质(DOM)对E2吸附的影响.结果发现,E2在土壤/沉积物表面吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附方程(R2>0.76),E2在河流沉积物、潮土、黑土皆表现为非线性,其中黑土吸附的非线性最强(n=0.74);吸附系数Kf介于26.2～57.5,并与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).猪粪及其堆肥DOM显著抑制E2在土壤/沉积物表面的吸附,其中堆肥DOM的影响尤为显著.研究认为,有机质是土壤/沉积物中吸附E2的主要组分,共存猪粪DOM在较低浓度下可提高E2迁移性,增加E2向地表和地下水的迁移风险.     

分段进水对改良A2/O-BAF双污泥系统反硝化除磷脱氮的影响

采用改良A²/O-BAF双污泥系统处理低C/N比生活污水,为提高碳源利用率,研究了两段进水（预缺氧段和缺氧段）对反硝化除磷脱氮的影响,同时根据COD的物料衡算公式,分析评价了不同进水比下,碳源的利用情况.结果表明当分段进水比为7：3时,平均进水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP浓度分别为174.99、58.19、59.10、5.15 mg·L^-1,出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP浓度分别为29.48、4.07、14.10、0.44 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为82.12%、92.76%、75.45%、91.20%;系统中反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例（DPAOs/PAOs）为98.81%,此时系统反硝化除磷脱氮最佳,同时碳源的有效利用率达85.77%,平衡百分比为92.33%.通过优化分段进水,碳源被有效利用,提高了同步脱氮除磷效率,为改良A²/O-BAF双污泥系统处理低C/N比污水提供理论依据.     

动物饲料中砷、铜和锌调查及分析

在广东省采集市售鸡、猪配合饲料样本70个和76个,调查评价其中砷、铜、锌形态和含量,并考察常用有机胂添加剂洛克沙胂(ROX)的稳定性.结果表明,鸡、猪料平均总As含量分别为3.6 mg·kg-1和6.5 mg·kg-1,总Cu含量为18.2 mg·kg-1和119.4 mg·kg-1,总Zn含量为124.6 mg·kg-1和486.2 mg·kg-1.按照国家相关限量标准,如考虑到可能添加了有机胂,饲料总As超标现象较少,猪料Cu、Zn超标现象较为普遍.Zn、Cu、As在饲料中添加量较高成为它们在禽畜粪中残留较高的根本原因.另外,有25.4%的饲料样本检出有机胂,且普遍同时含有As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)杂质.检出ROX和阿散酸(p-ASA)含量平均分别为7.0 mg·kg-1和21.2 mg·kg-1.鸡、猪料中各有24.3%和26.3%的样本检出有机胂.鸡料中常用ROX,而猪料常用p-ASA.ROX及其无机砷杂质在添加剂和饲料中均在室温至少30 d内保持形态稳定,说明饲料中较高含量的无机砷杂质很可能源自有机胂添加剂中的砷杂质.对相关从业人员而言,这是一种新的砷暴露途径.