Tissue distribution of antimony (Sb) in piglets orally given graded levels of Sb (V)

The potential risks from oral intake of soil antimony (Sb) depends mainly on the amount of metal ingested and its bioavailability. Relative bioavailability may be determined by comparing Sb present in soil to a reference compound, taking into account accumulation in different target tissues or excretion. However, due to the lack of scientific knowledge concerning the fate of Sb in the organism, there is a need to study the absorption and distribution of Sb in order to select target tissues for assessment of bioavailability of Sb in soils. Thus, 45 piglets were exposed to a soluble pentavalent antimony salt (KSb(OH)₆), for 15 days at concentrations ranging from 0–1600 µg Sb/kg body weight (BW) per day. Following the exposure period, blood, plasma, liver, spleen, kidneys, hair, bone, bile and urine were obtained to measure Sb concentrations by ICP-MS. Results showed that tissue Sb levels were dose-related. Higher Sb concentrations were found in urine, kidneys, hair, bone and liver. Sb(V) was not detectable in blood and plasma. In the case of highly contaminated soil with soluble forms of Sb in concentrations ranging from 200–1600 µg Sb/kg BW, kidneys, liver and spleen are the most reliable compartments to determine Sb bioavailability from soil. However, for the soils with lower levels of contamination and a low Sb bioaccessibility, urine may serve as a relevant compartment.     

九龙江流域规模化养猪场砷污染状况调查

对九龙江流域规模化养猪场猪饲料、沼气出液和猪粪中砷的含量进行了测定。猪饲料中砷的含量范围为0.50～7.72mg·kg-1,平均值为3.49mg·kg-1;沼气出液中砷的含量范围为0.47～56.13μg·L-1,平均值为13.45μg·L-1;猪粪中砷的含量范围为0.32～114.46mg·kg-1,平均值为13.45mg·kg-1。同一养猪场,小猪猪粪中的砷含量一般高于大猪和母猪猪粪;沼气出液和猪粪中的砷含量具有一定的相关性。由估算知,养猪场向九龙江流域年排放的砷总量约为821kg。9家养猪场中有2家猪粪和1家沼气出液中砷的含量相对较高,生态风险等级较高,已超过国家相应标准。总之,应该加强养猪业的管理,以防止养猪场对九龙江流域造成砷污染。     

混合堆肥过程中自由空域(FAS)的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥、猪粪混合堆肥试验表明:升温期和高温期FAS分别为42.3%、26.2%,在这2个堆肥期内堆体上部的FAS明显高于下部,堆体内的空气能满足微生物的需求;降温期FAS为52.4%,堆体上部的FAS高于中部,中部高于下部,FAS呈明显的层次效应;腐熟期FAS为54.7%,FAS的层次效应减弱,堆体上部和中部的通气性明显好于下部.不同堆肥期剖面上下部FAS的差异由大到小分别为:降温期>高温期>后熟期>升温期;堆体内FAS由高到低为:上部>中部>下部.FAS随时间的变化满足二级反应动力学方程.     

竹醋酸在堆肥中的应用

以秸杆、锯末和猪粪为原料,以竹醋酸为添加剂进行静态好氧堆肥试验,分析堆肥过程中温度、pH、有机质、TN等的变化情况,比较不同竹醋酸浓度对堆肥的促进作用。在对腐熟后堆肥的分析表明,适宜的竹醋酸浓度可以促进微生物的活性,缩短达到高温所需的时间;跟空白堆体相比,添加竹醋酸的堆体氮损失率降低10%。     

改性活性炭脱除硫化氢工艺参数研究

针对改性活性炭脱除硫化氢过程,研究了空速、温度、原料气浓度、颗粒分布孔径4个主要工艺参数对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明:空速在1 500～4 200h-1时穿透硫容随着空速的降低而增加,当空速继续降低为1 200h-1时穿透硫容基本不变;当0～40℃时,随着温度的升高,穿透时间增加,脱硫效率提高,当温度超过40℃时,随着温度继续升高脱硫效率降低;相同空速下原料气硫化氢浓度变化只改变穿透时间;改性活性炭脱硫剂发挥脱硫作用的微孔结构范围是1～5nm。     

盐城市生猪屠宰废水污染现状及防治对策研究

根据生猪屠宰场污染现状,提出了防治对策与建议。严把准入关、集中建设、优胜劣汰、强化监管是减少污染的必要措施。     

Assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides with the transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants carrying recombinant guinea pig AhR and GUS reporter genes

Certain congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides are ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) in animals. A recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR, XgDV, was constructed by fusing the ligand-binding domain of gAhR, the DNA-binding domain of LexA, and the transactivating domain of VP16. Then, the expression unit of β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene regulated by XgDV was introduced into Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. When the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants were cultured on Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium containing PCB congeners, the GUS activity in the plants increased toxic equivalent (TEQ)-dependently. The GUS activity in the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants cultured on MS medium containing the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin was also induced. On the other hand, in the case of DDT, the GUS activity induced by 3-methylcholanthere in the plants decreased. The transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants detected 1000 ng g^?1 PCB126 in 1 g of soils. Thus the XgDV plants seemed to be useful for convenient assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides, without any extraction and purification steps.     

混合水解对打捆麦秸水解产酸的影响

为研究混合水解对麦秸水解产酸的影响,以猪粪、厨余和蔬菜废物为原料,研究其分别与麦秸混合水解产酸的特性,分析了水解过程中pH值、COD、SCOD和VFAs的变化。结果表明,除麦秸＋蔬菜废物最佳出料时间为3～9d外,麦秸、麦秸＋厨余垃圾、麦秸＋猪粪水解液最佳出料时间均为3～7d,7d后水解液COD浓度下降;将蔬菜废物与麦秸混合水解,水解液pH值降低幅度最大,水解液中总有机酸浓度最高,pH值最低为5．31,有机酸浓度最高达6．46g／L,且水解液中SCOD浓度、SCOD／COD比值最大;添加猪粪明显促进了麦秸有机物的水解溶出,麦秸单位干物质水解率和产酸率较对照分别提高了43％～134％和50．53％,但对提高水解液SCOD浓度、SCOD／COD比、TVFA浓度、降低水解液pH值的效果不如蔬菜废物;添加厨余垃圾的效果介于猪粪和蔬菜废物之间。从促进麦秸水解产酸的角度,以添加猪粪的效果最好。     

猪粪堆肥中铜锌与腐殖质组分的结合竞争

为研究猪粪堆肥中铜锌与腐殖质组分的结合竞争,以猪粪和秸秆为堆腐原料,进行了为期36 d的好氧堆肥实验,研究猪粪堆肥过程中腐殖质组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)、胡敏酸结合态铜锌、富里酸结合态铜锌含量的变化。结果表明,堆肥结束后,腐殖化程度提高,胡敏酸碳含量增加394.4%,富里酸碳含量降低64.9%,腐殖化指数从0.24增加到3.33;随着堆肥的进行,胡敏酸结合态铜锌含量分别增加394.3%和56%,而富里酸结合态铜锌含量分别下降17.5%和28.4%;相关分析表明,胡敏酸结合态铜、富里酸结合态锌与胡敏酸、富里酸碳含量及腐殖化指数均成显著相关(P<0.01);堆肥过程中,胡敏酸结合态铜与富里酸结合态铜之比大于1,而胡敏酸结合态锌与富里酸结合态锌小于1,另外,胡敏酸中的Cu/Zn大于1,而富里酸中的Cu/Zn小于1,表明在腐殖质中铜主要与胡敏酸结合,而锌主要与富里酸结合。研究揭示了猪粪堆肥中重金属铜锌与不同腐殖质组分的结合竞争关系,为畜禽粪便堆肥土地利用的风险评估和风险控制提供科学依据。     

外加纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对猪粪厌氧发酵的促进机制

为有效缩短有机物厌氧发酵限制阶段的反应时间,提高发酵底物的生物产甲烷效率,以猪粪为发酵底物,添加外源纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶,应用一级动力学模型和Gompertz模型拟合厌氧发酵过程.结果表明:适量添加纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对厌氧发酵系统的水解反应具有积极的促进作用,当两种酶的总添加量为40 mg/g、纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶配比为1:3时促进作用最为显著,其多糖浓度、TVFAs（乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的统称）浓度峰值、累积沼气产气量、甲烷产率（基于猪粪中挥发性固体含量计算）分别为4 494 mg/L、8 666 mg/L、187 688 mL、392.1 mL/g,与CK（对照）组比分别提高了171.0%、23.3%、23.5%、24.3%.相关性分析表明,外源酶的添加对厌氧发酵系统中微生物可利用的C/N具有显著影响,可有效促进TVFAs转化产甲烷,当纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶配比为1:3时,厌氧发酵过程具有最大反应速率〔32.95 mL/（g·d）〕,与CK组相比水力停留时间（HRT）缩短了2.5 d,生物产甲烷效率提高了24.3%,厌氧发酵过程符合Gompertz模型（R2=0.999 2）.研究显示,纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对促进猪粪厌氧发酵有协同作用,当α-淀粉酶添加量不超过30 mg/g时,α-淀粉酶添加量与甲烷产率呈正相关;当纤维素酶添加量超过10 mg/g时,纤维系酶添加量与甲烷产率呈负相关.