松针炭载铈材料对罗丹明B的吸附性能研究

在氮气氛围下热解制备松针炭,采用浸渍法将硝酸铈负载到松针炭上,在300℃氛围中焙烧2 h,制得铈改性松针炭。用罗丹明B溶液模拟染料废水,分别研究松针炭和铈改性松针炭对罗丹明B的吸附效果。实验表明:加热温度为300℃、升温速率为10℃/min、加热时间为2 h时,制备的松针炭对罗丹明B的去除率为68.8%;浸渍浓度为0.02 mol/L、焙烧温度为300℃时制备的Ce/PC复合材料对罗丹明B的去除率为81.6%。松针炭经铈改性后,吸附性能大幅提高。     

Comparing measured and modelled forest carbon stocks in high-boreal forests of harvest and natural-disturbance origin in Labrador, Canada

Understanding the effects of disturbance regimes on carbon (C) stocks and stock changes is a prerequisite to estimating forest C stocks and fluxes. Live-tree, dead-tree, woody debris (WD), stump, buried wood, organic layer, and mineral soil C stock data were collected from high-boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands of harvest and fire origin and compared to values predicted by the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3); the core model of Canada's National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System. Data comparing the effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbance history on forest C stocks are limited, but needed to evaluate models such as the CBM-CFS3. Results showed that adjustments to the CBM-CFS3 volume-to-biomass conversion and partitioning parameters were required for the non-merchantable and branch C pools to accurately capture live-tree C stocks in the studied black spruce ecosystems. Accuracy of the CBM-CFS3 modelled estimates of dead organic matter and soil C pools was improved relative to regional default parameters by increased snag fall and >10 cm WD base decay rates. The model evaluation process also highlighted the importance of developing a bryophyte module to account for bryophyte C dynamics and the physical burial of woody debris by bryophytes. Modelled mineral soil C estimates were improved by applying a preliminary belowground slow C pool base decay rate optimized for the soil type of the studied sites, Humo-Ferric Podzols.     

围封对内蒙古中东部草原植物群落和土壤线虫群落的影响

2007年8月在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的退化样地（对照）、围封5 a样地和围封24 a样地,调查地上部植物群落、土壤性质和地下部土壤线虫群落。结果表明,围封处理能显著提高土壤水分质量分数,土壤深度和围封处理对土壤pH的交互作用显著。随着围封年限的增加,地上植物的多度、生物量和单株生物量都显著增加,而3个样地的多样性和均匀度均为围封24 a样地〉退化样地〉围封5 a年样地;随着围封年限的增加,大针茅（Stipa grandis）、苔草（Carex duriuscula）、羊草（Leymus chinensis）、锦鸡儿（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、双齿葱（Allium bidentatum）的生物量都呈现递增的趋势;围封5 a样地上冰草（Agropyron cristatum）和野韭（Allium ramosum）的生物量最大,围封24 a样地上苔草、羊草、双齿葱的生物量最大。调查样地线虫的密度平均为9.79 g-1（以干土计）,分别隶属于线虫动物门的90个属。植物寄生类线虫和食细菌类线虫分别占到总数的35%和40%,优势类群是丽突属（Acrobeles）和矮化属（Tylenchorhynchus）,二者共占总捕获个体数量的31.4%。围封24 a样地的结构指数显著高于退化样地,其它指标差异不显著。由此可知,围封有助于改善土壤理化性质;从围封角度来看,植物群落比线虫群落的反应明显得多,二者并未出现同步反应。     

Optimisation of bisphenol A removal from water using chemically modified pine bark and almond shell

The ability of pine bark and almond shells to remove bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions was evaluated. Samples of these traditional agro-forestry by-products were milled, sieved into different particle size fractions (0.10–0.15 and 1.5–2.0 mm) and submitted to two different types of treatment. Sorption experiments were conducted in a batch system at room temperature and natural pH. Sorption equilibrium was attained after 48 h for all systems under study. Bisphenol A was adsorbed more effectively on the smaller particles of the sorbents. Pine bark and almond shell pretreated with formaldehyde presented higher sorption efficiency (95%), followed by almond shell (87%) and pine bark (82%) washed with hot water. All the sorption isotherms were found to fit a Freundlich equation, with correlation coefficients (R ²) between 0.823 and 0.989. The sorption coefficient (K _F) ranged from 0.06 to 0.74 (mg^1?1/n ·L ^1/n ·g ^?1). These results indicate that utilisation of both materials as an alternative sorbent for the removal of bisphenol A from contaminated waters is promising because they are available in large amounts and have an acceptable cost–efficiency ratio when compared with traditional adsorbents.     

The effects of oil sands wetlands on wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)

Extraction of crude oil from oil sand produces solid (sand) and liquid (water with suspended fine particles) tailings materials, called oil sands process-affected materials (OSPM). These waste materials are stored on the mine site due to a “zero discharge” policy and must be reclaimed when operations end. The liquid tailings materials are known to contain naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and have high pH and salinity. One method of reclamation is the “wet landscape” approach, which involves using oil sands tailings materials to form wetlands that would mimic natural wetland ecological function. This study investigated the effects of wetlands formed with oil sands tailings materials on the survival and growth of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) larvae. In spring 2007, in-situ caging studies were completed in 14 wetlands that were of four different classes; young or old, reference or reclaimed. Tadpole survival was different between types of wetlands, with young tailings-affected wetlands (≤7 years old) having 41.5%, 62.6%, and 54.7% higher tadpole mortality than old tailings-affected (>7 years old), young reference, and old reference wetlands, respectively. Since old wetlands created from OSPM showed effects on tadpoles similar to those of reference wetlands, which had markedly lower toxicity than young tailings-affected wetlands, we provide evidence that wetlands, at least 7 years old, can sustain amphibian life.     

Indigenous uses and structure of chir pine forest in Uttaranchal Himalaya,India

The various indigenous uses and structure of chir pine forests were studied in Uttaranchal state of the Indian Republic. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 50 villages of Uttaranchal to gather information on the indigenous uses of chir pine. For the study of community composition and structure of chir pine forest, at least 15 quadrats of 10 x 10 m were selected randomly across various localities, and the number of individuals, along with other dominant tree and shrub species, were enumerated in each quadrat. About 10 indigenous uses of chir pine were prominent in Uttaranchal. Besides resin, an important non-wood product, different parts of chir pine, such as cones, trunk, stems, wood, leaves and bark, were used by the local people. Chir pine is a subject of the folklore and mythology of indigenous cultures in Uttaranchal. Chir pine forest formed three major communities in Uttaranchal viz., sal-pine (Shorea robusta-Pinus roxburghii), pine pure stands and oak-pine (Quercus leucho-trichophora-Pinus roxburghii). These communities sustained various multiple-use trees and shrubs along with various edible mushrooms (eg. Agaricus campestris, Morchella esculenta and Sparassis crispa). The results of this study are discussed in the light of chir pine conservation and management policies.     

Evaluation of carrying capacity with particular reference to firewood and fodder resources in Central Himalaya: a case study of Baliya catchment

SUMMARY

The dwindling forests of the Central Himalaya are suffering from serious losses, threatening the subsistence population of the region. This study analyses the rate of consumption of fodder and firewood in a Central Himalayan catchment and estimates the carrying capacity of the catchment for these resources. Estimates indicate that the carrying capacity of the natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, in terms of availability of fodder and fuelwood resources, has already been exceeded.     

刨花板及其木质原材料燃烧热解特性对比试验

为研究刨花板与木质原材料热解燃烧过程的区别,利用热重分析仪对空气和氮气条件下刨花板及其木质原材料进行研究。深入分析材料的燃烧热解失重过程的热重法和微商热重法曲线特性,确定了材料的燃烧特征参数。材料的燃烧热解动力学过程符合"双阶段一级反应"模型,利用考斯特-瑞地芬(Coats-Redfern)方法求得对应失重阶段的动力学参数。通过对比发现,刨花板较其木质原材料着火温度低,燃尽温度高,综合燃烧特性指数低;燃烧热解活化能和频率因子低,高温段失重率高;燃烧最终剩余质量和其木质原材料基本相同,热解剩余质量大于木质原材料。根据试验现象对刨花板燃烧热解过程中胶黏剂的作用机理进行了推断。     

焦化厂木格洗苯塔动火拆除的安全技术措施

近年来,焦化行业木格填料洗苯塔已逐渐被新型高效填料塔所取代.通过危险预知分析等方法,较详细地介绍了动火拆除木格填料塔的安全技术措施.     

Effects of Lime and Ash Treatments on DOC Fractions and Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids in Soil Solutions of Acidified Podzolic Soils

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions and different low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined in soil solutions from two lime or ash treated Norway spruce sites in the south of Sweden. At Hasslöv, 3.45 t ha^-1 or 8.75 t ha^-1 dolomite were applied 15 years before sampling. Horröd was treated with 4.28 t ha^-1 ash and 3.25 t ha^-1 dolomite and sampled four years later. Propionate (7–268 M) and malonate (2–34 M) were the LMWOAsfound in the highest concentrations at Hasslöv. Two other LMWOAs dominated at Horröd, namely citrate (18–64 M)and fumarate (5–31 M). The differences in concentration of most of the determined LMWOAs at Hasslöv were significantly increased due to treatment. The LMWOAs comprised between 1.1–6.3% of the DOC at Hasslöv and 4.5–17.6% at Horröd. At Hasslöv normally 3–10% of the total acidity (TA) was due to LMWOAs and the average specific buffer capacity was 74 ± 22 mmol mol^-1C.The total DOC concentration in the mor layer solution was 16 mM for the dolomite treated plots compared to 10 mM at the untreated plot. A major part of the increase in DOC at the treated plots apparently had a hydrophobic character and was of high molecular weight corresponding to 3–10 kDa. The concentration of DOC < 1 kDa in the control and treated plots was similar.