桉树遗态Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/C复合材料对某尾矿库废水中砷的吸附研究

以制备的桉树遗态Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/C复合材料(PBGC-Fe/C)为吸附剂,对某尾矿库废水中砷等重金属进行了吸附实验。研究了温度、pH、废水化学组成、吸附剂投加量及粒径等对吸附的影响。结果表明,吸附剂投加量越大、粒径越小,温度为35℃,p H为3左右吸附效果最好。但实际废水组分复杂,存在竞争吸附及化学沉淀等使砷的总去除率随p H的增大而增大。综合考虑,吸附砷的最佳条件组合为废水p H=5,PBGC-Fe/C投加量0.06 g/m L,粒径150μm。此时废水中总砷质量浓度为0.487 mg/L,可达标排放。     

模拟酸雨及氮沉降对马尾松林土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性的影响

通过分析酸雨和氮沉降对马尾松林土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,探究马尾松林对环境胁迫的响应机制,为天目山国家自然保护区资源管理和保护提供理论参考依据.于2017～2021年在浙江省临安天目山国家级自然保护区设置4个酸雨和氮沉降模拟梯度[即pH 5.5和0 kg·(hm²·a)^-1,CK; pH 4.5和30 kg·(hm²·a)^-1,T1; pH 3.5和60 kg·(hm²·a)^-1,T2; pH 2.5和120 kg·(hm²·a)^-1,T3].使用Illumina MiSeq PE300二代高通量测序平台对4种处理土壤细菌16S rDNA进行测序,分析不同处理土壤细菌群落组成和结构的差异及其影响因素.结果表明,酸雨和氮沉降显著降低了马尾松林土壤细菌α多样性(P<0.05).马尾松林土壤由36个门类的菌群组成,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(A...     

MODELING THE FOREST HYDROLOGY OF WETLAND-UPLAND ECOSYSTEMS IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Few hydrological models are applicable to pine flat-woods which are a mosaic of pine plantations and cypress swamps. Unique features of this system include ephemeral sheet flow, shallow dynamic ground water table, high rainfall and evapotranspiration, and high infiltration rates. A FLATWOODS model has been developed specifically for the cypress wetland-pine upland landscape by integrating a 2-D ground water model, a Variable-Source-Area (VAS)-based surface flow model, an evapotranspiration (ET) model, and an unsaturated water flow model. The FLATWOODS model utilizes a distributed approach by dividing the entire simulation domain into regular cells. It has the capability to continuously simulate the daily values of ground water table depth, ET, and soil moisture content distributions in a watershed. The model has been calibrated and validated with a 15-year runoff and a four-year ground water table data set from two different pine flat woods research watersheds in northern Florida. This model may be used for predicting hydrologic impacts of different forest management practices in the coastal regions.     

Effects of red‐headed pine sawfly,Neodiprion lecontei,nuclear polyhedrosis virus on rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri,and Daphnia pulex

Abstract

The effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the red‐headed pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnevi, were investigated. The fish were exposed to this virus by intubation and topical application and no ill‐effects were observed. Similarly, no ill‐effects were detected in Daphnia pulex when the same NPV was added to their culture medium. The materials were lyophilized, NPV‐infected sawfly larvae (normally used for insect control), lyophilized, unin‐fected larvae and purified, polyhedral inclusion bodies. On the basis of these laboratory tests, this virus, when disseminated as a biocontrol agent, should present no hazard to rainbow trout or to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia pulex, two species frequently used in toxicity tests of chemical pesticides.     

阻燃与未阻燃装饰装修木材在不同氧浓度下的热分析

利用热重分析仪对常见木质装饰装修材料白杨、白桦、红松以及这三种材料的阻燃品,在不同氧浓度条件下进行了热重分析(TGA)实验,通过对失重(TG)曲线、失重速率(DTG)曲线的分析,深入探讨了氧气体积分数对样品热解过程的影响.结果表明:对三种天然木材样品而言,氧浓度增大,样品的TG曲线左移.氧浓度对阻燃样品热解失重曲线的影响较小.热解过程用简单的动力学模型进行了模拟,确定了热解主反应段的动力学参数、表观活化能和频率因子,得到了各阶段的动力学方程.     

北京地区松叶中有机卤素污染物的研究

利用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定了北京市不同“功能区”松叶中可萃取有机卤素污染物(EOX)的含量,结果表明,化工工业区松叶中可萃取有机氯(EOCl)含量高达40mg/g(干重),钢铁工业区的松叶含量最低(12mg/g).松叶中EOCl、可萃取有机溴(EOBr)、碘(EOI)含量顺序为EOCl>>EOBr>EOI, EOCl在总EOX中占到了97%以上.在EOCl中,有机氯农药仅占0.2%～1.9%,松叶中绝大多数EOCl为未知的.4个城市“功能区”中EOCl含量顺序为化工工业区>交通枢纽地带>居民区>钢铁工业区.城区大气中有机氯污染物主要来自化学工业和交通污染.城区松叶中EOCl的含量远高于偏远山区的样品,但两地样品中EOBr、EOI的含量无显著差异.     

基于响应面法的木粉尘最大爆炸压力试验研究——以桑木粉尘为例

为研究粉尘质量浓度、粒径和点火延迟时间对木粉尘最大爆炸压力影响,以桑木粉尘为对象,利用1.2 L的Hartmann管进行试验。研究结果表明:最大爆炸压力随着粉尘质量浓度的增加先增大后减小,随着粉尘粒径的增大而减小,随着点火延迟时间的增大而增大。在单因素试验基础上,运用Design-Expert软件对Box-Behnken所设计的响应面试验方案分析,得到影响粉尘最大爆炸压力大小顺序为:点火延迟时间>质量浓度>粒径,同时Design-Expert软件预测出最危险爆炸强度的试验条件为:质量浓度840.24 g/m3,粒径260目,点火延迟时间12 s,最大爆炸压力为0.511 775 MPa,经检验,拟合性较好,为防爆设备本质安全强度设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

Modeling seasonal course of carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration in response to low temperature and moisture in a boreal Scots pine ecosystem

Environmental conditions act above and below ground, and regulate carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration. The productivity of boreal forest ecosystems is strongly governed by low temperature and moisture conditions, but the understanding of various feedbacks between vegetation and environmental conditions is still unclear. In order to quantify the seasonal responses of vegetation to environmental factors, the seasonality of carbon and heat fluxes and the corresponding responses for temperature and moisture in air and soil were simulated by merging a process-based model (CoupModel) with detailed measurements representing various components of a forest ecosystem in Hyytiälä, southern Finland. The uncertainties in parameters, model assumptions, and measurements were identified by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE). Seasonal and diurnal courses of sensible and latent heat fluxes and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO₂ were successfully simulated for two contrasting years. Moreover, systematic increases in efficiency of photosynthesis, water uptake, and decomposition occurred from spring to summer, demonstrating the strong coupling between processes. Evapotranspiration and NEE flux both showed a strong response to soil temperature conditions via different direct and indirect ecosystem mechanisms. The rate of photosynthesis was strongly correlated with the corresponding water uptake response and the light use efficiency. With the present data and model assumptions, it was not possible to precisely distinguish the various regulating ecosystem mechanisms. Our approach proved robust for modeling the seasonal course of carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration by combining different independent measurements. It will be highly interesting to continue using long-term series data and to make additional tests of optional stomatal conductance models in order to improve our understanding of the boreal forest ecosystem in response to climate variability and environmental conditions.     

砷污染防治与含砷木材防腐剂的开发应用

综述了有色工金属工业的砷污染以及砷资源的综合利用。砷品订用于木材防腐和防治白蚁。大力发展木材防腐剂对消除砷害和保护生态环境都具有重大意义以及巨大的社会和经济效益。     

应用PLFA法分析氮沉降对缙云山马尾松林土壤微生物群落结构的影响

氮沉降虽可提升林地生产力却会给环境造成压力,而土壤微生物对环境变化敏感.通过野外模拟试验,探讨不同氮沉降量对马尾松土壤微生物群落的影响,探索该区域马尾松土壤微生物群落与土壤温湿度、氮沉降浓度的关系,为深入研究氮沉降对马尾松林土壤生态系统的影响提供参考.2014年5月~2015年6月在缙云山马尾松林设置3个氮添加水平和一个无氮添加的对照处理:低氮[N20,20 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、中氮[N40,40 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、高氮[N60,60 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]和对照[N0,0g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)标记法和ACE(automated soil CO_2 exchange station,UK)自动土壤呼吸监测系统分别对土壤微生物群落结构、土壤温度和土壤湿度进行分析测定.结果表明:1季节变化对土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及总PLFA量有显著影响(P0.05),各类型均在春季最高,冬季最低.在不同季节,土壤微生物量对氮沉降的响应趋势不同,总体而言,春季和秋季氮沉降抑制了土壤微生物量,夏季和冬季氮沉降促进了土壤微生物量.2氮沉降对土壤微生物群落结构有显著影响(P0.05),在春季和夏季,低、中氮沉降使土壤微生物丰富度指数和多样性降低,使均匀度指数升高;在秋季和冬季,低氮和中氮则使丰富度指数、多样性指数及均匀度指数升高.高氮沉降使4个季节土壤微生物丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数降低.3相关性分析表明,氮沉降浓度与细菌呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与总PLFA呈显著负相关(P0.05);土壤温度与放线菌呈极显著负相关;土壤湿度与细菌和总PLFA呈极显著正相关.综上所述,缙云山马尾松林土壤微生物群落结构主要受土壤湿度和氮沉降的影响,受土壤温度影响较小.