人为干扰对马尾松次生林多样性的影响

利用Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ多样性指数和均匀度来分析人为干扰对马尾松次生林木本植物多样性的影响，结果表明：马尾松次生林木本植物多样性指数为２左右（１．８５７９～２．１９４６），均匀度为０．７左右（０．７２４４～０．７７４６），物种多度分布符合对数级数分布，不同干扰强度对多样性和均匀度有一定影响，对物种多度分布没有影响，对马尾松林的更新有重要作用。     

Plasticity in physiological traits in conifers: Implications for response to climate change in the western U.S.

Population variation in ecophysiological traits of four co-occurring montane conifers was measured on a large latitudinal gradient to quantitatively assess their potential for response to environmental change. White fir (Abies concolor) had the highest variability, gross photosynthetic rate (Pg), and foliar carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content. Despite low water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (gs) of fir was the most responsive to unfavorable environmental conditions. Pinus lambertiana exhibited the least variability in Pg and WUE, and is likely to be the most vulnerable to environmental changes. Pinus ponderosa had an intermediate level of variability, and high needle growth at its higher elevational limits. Pinus Jeffreyi also had intermediate variability, but high needle growth at its southern latitudinal and lower elevational limits. The attributes used to assess tree vigor were effective in predicting population vulnerability to abiotic (drought) and biotic (herbivore) stresses.     

HYDROLOGY OF A DRAINED FORESTED POCOSIN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: In order to assess the effects. of silvicultural and drainage practices on water quality it is necessary to understand their impacts on hydrology. The hydrology of a 340 ha artificially drained forested watershed in eastern North Carolina was studied for a five-year period (1988–92). Effects of soils, beds and changes in vegetation on water table depth, evapotranspiration (ET) and drainage outflows were analyzed. Total annual outflows from the watershed varied from 29 percent of the rainfall during the driest year (1990) when mostly mature trees were present to as much as 53 percent during a year of normal rainfall (1992) after about a third of the trees were harvested. Annual ET from the watershed, calculated as the difference between annual rainfall and outflow, varied from 76 percent of the calculated potential ET for a dry year to as much as 99 percent for a wet year. Average estimated ET was 58 percent of rainfall for the five-year period. Flow rates per unit area were consistently higher from a smaller harvested block (Block B - 82 ha) of the watershed than from the watershed as a whole. This is likely due to time lags, as drainage water flows through the ditch-canal network in the watershed, and to timber harvesting of the smaller gaged block.     

WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Vegetation management aimed at increasing the amount of usable water yield from precipitation falling on upstream watersheds may be one alternative for supplementing water supplies. Indications are that water yields can be increased within a multiple-use framework, which can benefit or at least be compatible with other natural resource objectives. Through changes in vegetation on a watershed, it is possible to reduce evaporation losses only slightly but significantly increase streamflow runoff. In an assessment of potentials for water yield improvement in Arizona, experimental studies on various vegetation zones are reviewed. Because of either limited acreage or limited rainfall, the alpine, grassland, aspen, and desert shrub vegetation zones are not realistic management areas for Arizona. Furthermore, manipulation of pinyon-juniper woodlands does not appear promising at this time. Conversion of chaparral to grasses and forbs does appear to be a possible treatment for water yield improvement, as well as various silvicultural treatments of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests. Streamflow increases are given for experiments in chaparral, mixed conifer, and ponderosa pine vegetation zones. However, complete information on possible constraints for these zones is not currently available. Specific assessment of water yield management options for riparian vegetation is difficult to make, due to incomplete knowledge of water yield changes and other constraints for this vegetation zone. Prior to the final adoption of management practices, results of experimental work must be coupled with economic and social considerations.     

SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY AS INFLUENCED BY VEGETATION AND BEDROCK IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT We hypothesized that sediment from small watersheds with uniform bedrock and a single vegetative community would have uniform chemical characteristics for the sand and fine (silt and clay) size fractions. Channel sediment was collected from three vegetative communities (spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and Ponderosa pine), each on four bedrock types (basalt, limestone, sandstone, and granite), and analyzed for digestable Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn; total N and P; extractable Ca, Mg, K; cation exchange capacity; and organic matter. With the exception of organic matter content in the sand size fraction, either vegetation, bedrock, or their interaction were significant in explaining the observed variation for all analyses in both size fractions. Replicate studies of sites with similar bedrock and vegetation combinations are needed to determine if each watershed has similar or unique sediment chemistry.     

大气中多环芳烃(PAHs)在松针和SPMD上的分布

通过松针监测与半渗透膜被动式采样技术 (SPMD ) ,分析了我国珠江三角洲地区大气中多环芳烃的含量特征、来源及其分布 ,同时对这两种被动式采样技术进行了比较 松针及SPMD主要富集气态多环芳烃 (2— 4环 ) ,气态多环芳烃在松针和SPMD样品中的总含量分别为 313 9— 30 4 3 5ng·g-1和 14 5—116 9ng·SPMD-1·d-1 大气中多环芳烃含量的区域差异明显 ,珠江三角洲中部地区 (广州、佛山和东莞 )大气中多环芳烃的含量高 ,沿海地区的珠海、香港偏低 ,分子标志物指数表明 ,珠江三角洲大气中的多环芳烃主要是热成因 (燃烧 )来源 松针和SPMD对气态多环芳烃的监测具有很好的一致性 ,是进行区域大气污染评价的良好生物指示物     

贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林施肥研究

采用正交设计法对贵州麻江马尾松天然中龄林进行施肥试验，结果表明，施肥对林木生长具有良好的效果．至第７年，单株材积平均为对照的１３２．３％；所施元素中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ对单株材积均有很大影响，且都达到０．１以上显著水平；而施Ｐ的自第４年至第７年均有良好的反应，其中以Ｐ２的效果最好；施肥的最优化组合为Ｎ２Ｐ２Ｋ２．     

MODELING THE FOREST HYDROLOGY OF WETLAND-UPLAND ECOSYSTEMS IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Few hydrological models are applicable to pine flat-woods which are a mosaic of pine plantations and cypress swamps. Unique features of this system include ephemeral sheet flow, shallow dynamic ground water table, high rainfall and evapotranspiration, and high infiltration rates. A FLATWOODS model has been developed specifically for the cypress wetland-pine upland landscape by integrating a 2-D ground water model, a Variable-Source-Area (VAS)-based surface flow model, an evapotranspiration (ET) model, and an unsaturated water flow model. The FLATWOODS model utilizes a distributed approach by dividing the entire simulation domain into regular cells. It has the capability to continuously simulate the daily values of ground water table depth, ET, and soil moisture content distributions in a watershed. The model has been calibrated and validated with a 15-year runoff and a four-year ground water table data set from two different pine flat woods research watersheds in northern Florida. This model may be used for predicting hydrologic impacts of different forest management practices in the coastal regions.     

长白山阔叶红松林空气N_2O浓度的垂直分布特征

在原始阔叶红松林测定空气N2 O的垂直分布 ,三次观测结果发现林冠高度处N2 O浓度比树干和林冠上方的背景值高 5 4 3% -74 % ,差异极显著。林冠外出现高浓度 ,树干处低浓度 ,表明N2 O是从林冠排放到周围空气中的。因此 ,本研究提供了植物在自然状态下能排放N2 O的证据 ,从而证明了森林生态系统中植物本身也是大气N2 O的排放源。