芦苇碳源-表面流人工湿地对农田退水脱氮的长期效能研究

针对农田退水NO₃^--N占比高、C/N低,氮污染难以去除的问题,将经济易得的芦苇(Phragmites australis)茎叶碎段装填在表面流人工湿地(packed surface flow construct wetland,PSFW)的表层作为外加碳源,以研究其长期运行情况下的脱氮效能。结果表明：第29~149天,外加芦苇茎叶碎段的PSFW的脱氮效能明显高于无芦苇茎叶碎段的空白PSFW₀;进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(16.4±1.0)和(17.7±2.0)mg/L,HRT按3、4和2 d运行时,HRT为4 d时脱氮效能最优,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN去除率分别为(87.4±6.0)%和(74.1±6.0)%,PSFW₀去除率仅为(14.4±4.0)%和(14.4±3.0)%;第150~269天,PSFW的脱氮效能稍高于PSFW₀,在进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(10.4±1.0)和(10.8±1.0)mg/L,HRT按3、2和1 d运行时,HRT为3 d时脱氮效能最优,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN的去除率分别为(91.9±7.0)%和(90.2±7.0)%,PSFW₀去除率分别为(91.3±5.0)%和(86.4±6.0)%。第270~334天,PSFW的脱氮效能稍低于PSFW₀;进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(5.7±0.4)和(7.2±0.8)mg/L,HRT为3 d时,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN的去除率分别为(88.6±10.0)%和(82.5±7.0)%,PSFW₀去除率分别为(94.0±6.0)%和(87.8±3.0)%。     

石化装置火灾爆炸贝叶斯网络与防护层集成分析

复杂的石油化工装置在运转过程中存在诸多不确定因素,易发生火灾、爆炸等重大事故,给安全生产带来极大威胁。考虑到传统的系统安全分析方法在风险评估中存在一定局限性,引入贝叶斯网络与防护层集成分析模型。应用GeNIe软件将系统故障树转成贝叶斯网络,根据贝叶斯双向推理进行故障预测和诊断,快速识别系统薄弱环节并确定为风险贝叶斯故障节点,结合防护层分析提出相应的独立防护层,确定剩余风险水平。实例应用表明,所构建的贝叶斯网络与防护层集成分析模型对复杂系统进行风险评估是可行的,较传统的事件树、故障树分析方法更加科学、合理。     

内窥镜检查在电站锅炉内部检验中的应用

工业内窥镜是电站锅炉内部检验中不可或缺的设备,主要用来对集箱、减温器、受热面管等内部人眼无法观察到的地方进行检验,从而确定承压部件内部是否存在严重影响锅炉安全运行的缺陷.本文通过对锅炉内窥实例进行分析和总结,阐述内窥镜检查在锅炉内检中的重要性并给相关工作人员提供借鉴与参考.     

上海火电厂烟气脱硫现状分析与建议

介绍了上海火电厂烟气脱硫的现状,对脱硫工艺选择、脱硫效率进行了分析。阐明了我国烟气脱硫普遍选用的石灰石一石膏湿法脱硫的特点和局限性,探讨了建立SO2排污权交易制度的必要性和可行性,分析了烟气脱硫装置存在的问题及预防措施。     

火电厂FGD装置性能试验有关问题的探讨

针对目前我国还没有专门针对烟气脱硫(FGD)装置性能试验规程的情况,对于火电厂FGD性能试验的内容和标准、现场测量的特点、测点布置和测量方法的选择、试验工况和试验时间的要求等问题,进行了介绍和探讨,以期为脱硫装置性能试验的实践提供一些建议和参考.     

Preliminary analysis of single flash combined with binary system using thermodynamic assessment: a case study of Dieng geothermal power plant

This paper addressed the performance of single flash combined with a binary system that was proposed in the Dieng geothermal power plant by applying thermodynamic assessment methods. A set of mathematical equations from the plant was developed and solved iteratively using engineering equation solver. The results showed that the available exergy of the produced fluid from production wells is 66,204 kW. The performance of an existing single-flash power plant indicated 24,300 kW of net power output. The proposed design of single flash combined with a binary system improves the power output by 17.16% to 27,786 kW. The second law efficiency increases from 36.7% to 41.97% while the first law efficiency increases from 11.62% to 13.61%.     

湘潭锰矿重金属环境安全及植物耐性研究

采集了湘潭锰矿红旗分矿开采区、沙圹村恢复区的代表性当季蔬菜(莴笋叶Fruticicolidae、小白菜Brassica chinensis、香葱Allium schoenoprasum、空心菜Ipomoea aquatica)、废弃区的优势植物(商陆Phytolacca acinosa、野茼蒿Crassocephalum crepidioides、苍耳Xanthium sibiricum)和3个研究区的土壤,通过原子吸收分光光度法分析了Mn、Pb、Zn含量。结果表明:开采区蔬菜Mn含量(8.3~84.5 mg/kg)明显高于恢复区(2.7~55.6 mg/kg),开采区和恢复区蔬菜都明显受到Pb污染(0.6~33mg/kg),蔬菜Zn含量范围为1.9~6.5mg/kg;3个研究区域土壤重金属均明显超标,最严重的是Pb污染(1 993.5~2 213.5mg/kg)。商陆、野茼蒿和苍耳中重金属含量差异较大,对重金属的耐性强,其中商陆表现出最好的耐性与长势。研究结论对锰矿土地合理利用以及矿区土壤重金属治理提供一定的科学依据。     

Rethinking assessment of success of mitigation strategies for elephant-induced crop damage

Crop damage is the most common impact of negative interactions between people and elephants and poses a significant threat to rural livelihoods and conservation efforts. Numerous approaches to mitigate and prevent crop damage have been implemented throughout Africa and Asia. Despite the documented high efficacy of many approaches, losses remain common, and in many areas, damage is intensifying. We examined the literature on effectiveness of crop-damage-mitigation strategies and identified key gaps in evaluations. We determined there is a need to better understand existing solutions within affected communities and to extend evaluations of effectiveness beyond measurement of efficacy to include rates of and barriers to adoption. We devised a conceptual framework for evaluating effectiveness that incorporates the need for increased emphasis on adoption and can be used to inform the design of future crop-damage mitigation assessments for elephants and conflict species more widely. The ability to prevent crop loss in practice is affected by both the efficacy of a given approach and rates of uptake among target users. We identified the primary factors that influence uptake as local attitudes, sustainability, and scalability and examined each of these factors in detail. We argue that even moderately efficacious interventions may make significant progress in preventing damage if widely employed and recommend that wherever possible scientists and practitioners engage with communities to build on and strengthen existing solutions and expertise. When new approaches are required, they should align with local attitudes and fit within limitations on labor, financial requirements, and technical capacity.     

缓释型除磷药剂在小型污水处理装置中的应用

新型缓释型除磷药剂是一种片剂状铝盐无机化合物絮凝剂,具有在水流的冲刷作用下缓慢溶解,同时保持一定强度和形状的特性。通过新型缓释除磷药剂在A/O工艺污水处理装置中的应用,对其特性及处理效果进行了研究。结果表明,该药剂投加设备简单,维护管理方便,适用于小型污水处理装置的除磷。平均药片用量为2片/m³污水（200 g/片）,出水的TP浓度为0.52~1.80 mg/L,去除率为82%~87%。