Dissolved Organic Matter in Forest Soils: Sources, Complexing Properties and Action On Herbaceous Plants

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of plant-soil systems. Its essential role in soil solution chemistry, soil-forming processes and its effects on biota, including soil fauna, bacteria, fungi and plants, is extensively documented in literature. in this contribution several forest leaf litter types are compared as sources of DOM and the released organics are subjected to gel permeation chromatography to reveal their molecular-size distribution. Moreover, complexing properties, as an indication for the podzolization potential of the litter leachates, were established. the occurrence and properties of DOM in different soil horizons were monitored beneath a stand of Scots pine. the effects of the different groups of soluble organics including phenolic, fulvic and humic acids, and of water-extractable humic substances on the performance of herbaceous plants of the forest floor are briefly reviewed.     

从水稻种子表面分离的紫云英根瘤菌与不同水稻品种亲合性的研究

采用紫云英琼脂管结瘤试验，在10个供试的不同水稻品种中，仅从“汕优63”和“珍A一代”2个品种的种子表面各分离筛选到在紫云英上结瘤较早且较多的1个菌株，分别命名为SY63－4和SA1D－3。采用无菌盆栽试验分别将这2个菌株接种于4个不同水稻品种“汕优63”、“珍A一代”、“马协63”及“博湛优19”，发现菌株ZA1D－3对4种水稻均表现出显著的促生作用，SY63－4仅对“汕优63”和“珍A一代”表现出明显的促生作用。利用MPN法检测不同水稻品种根内外根瘤菌ZA1D－3和SY63－4的数量，发现ZA1D－3和SY63－4在4种水稻根部的定殖数量也不相同。SY63－4在“汕优63”根部定殖的数量log(ncfumFW^-1/g^-1)为5．20，比在其余3种水稻根部高出2个数量级；ZA1D－3在“珍A一代”根部定殖的最大数量log(ncfumFW^-1/g^-1)为4．54，比在其余3种水稻根部高出1个数量级。这说明SY63－4与“汕优63”，ZA1D－3与“珍A一代”间存在着一定的亲和性。图1表2参12     

[CO2]和温度增加的相互作用对植物生长的影响

ＣＯ2 和温度是影响植物生长、发育和功能的两个关键因子 .在过去一个世纪中 ,[ＣＯ2 ]从 2 80 μｍｏｌ/ｍｏｌ增加到 36 0μｍｏｌ/ｍｏｌ且每年增长速率为 1～ 5 μｍｏｌ/ｍｏｌ,到 2 0世纪末达到更高的浓度[1] .最近的模型预测表明 ,到 2 10 0年 ,全球表面温度可能会增加 1～ 4 .5℃ [2 \〗.ＣＯ2 是光合作用的底物 ,而且还是初级代谢过程 (气孔反应和光合作用 )、光合同化物分配和生长的调节者 .温度几乎影响植物所有的生物学过程 .因此 ,在全球气候变化要素中 ,大气 [ＣＯ2 ]和温度升高对植物的生理过程和生物量及产量具有极为重要的…     

接种降解菌对土壤中邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯降解的影响

邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯〔Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP〕是农田土壤中常被检出的有毒有机污染物,在土壤中有较长的持留性,微生物降解是其从土壤中消失的主要途径.本文采用温室盆栽试验研究了接种两株从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到的高效DEHP降解菌及其混合菌悬液降解土壤中DEHP污染的效果,以及土壤中添加葡萄糖和种植作物对其降解效率的影响.结果表明,在土壤初始DEHP浓度为100mg kg-1的条件下,接种两种降解菌及其混合菌悬液都可显著提高土壤中DEHP消失的速率,其残留半衰期比不接种对照缩短了32~48d,但在相同条件下接种不同降解菌的处理之间没有显著差异.土壤中添加0.6%的葡萄糖虽然可以强烈地促进土壤微生物的整体活性,但并没有提高修复效率,反而在短期内延缓了降解菌对DEHP的降解,延长了DEHP在土壤中持留的半衰期;植物生长可显著提高降解菌的降解效率,降低土壤中DEHP的残留浓度.研究结果同时也表明,只添加葡萄糖或只种植植物对土壤中DEHP的降解并没有显著的影响.图3表4参14     

炼焦污水零排放技术初探

本文介绍了炼焦污水零排小试结果,试验中采用新型大孔吸附树脂脱酚,蒸汽汽提脱氨,处理后的污水用作熄焦补充水.试验证明该零排放方案是可行的.     

The geographical distribution of plant latex

Summary Latex is a widespread defence in plants against natural enemies and a literature-based summary of latex-producing angiosperms shows records in 40 families, and more than 20,000 species are estimated to bear laticiferous structures of some kind. This is considerably higher than the usually quoted figure of 12,500 species. There are more tropical than temperate latex-bearing families, both in absolute numbers and proportionally. Proportions of latex-bearing families are similar both in tropical and in more widespread or cosmopolitan families. Significantly more latex-bearing species belong to tropical than either to temperate or to widespread taxa, both in absolute and in relative terms. These differences may be related to the higher diversity of natural enemy species and to higher rates of herbivory in the tropics.     

国家濒危植物永瓣藤分布的土壤环境特征

永瓣藤(Monimopetalum chinense)是卫矛科(Celastraceae)的一个中国特有单型属植物,被列为国家二级稀有濒危保护物种。本文对永瓣藤分布区14个样地土壤样品的pH值、有机质、全氮、水解氮、硝态氮、全磷、速效磷和全钾进行了检测分析,以期弄清该物种分布与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明,其pH值的变化幅度为4.55～5.57,主要处于强酸性范围,适应幅度较窄。有机质与氮素非常丰富,相互间具有明显的相关性,有利于永瓣藤的生长与繁衍,但土壤中磷、钾素较为缺乏。土壤酸碱度和有机质的质量分数在某种程度上对永瓣藤的分布范围具有制约作用。     

珍稀濒危植物金花茶地理分布与生境调查研究

为了对珍稀濒危植物金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)进行有效保护,通过实地调查和相关资料分析,对其地理分布与生境进行了系统的调查研究。调查结果表明:(1)金花茶主要分布在广西西南部的防城、南宁、隆安、扶绥等县(市)。位于北纬21°30′～22°55′,东经107°36′～108°33′区域内。金花茶的垂直分布高度在12～450m之间,以海拔200～300m之间的范围较为常见。(2)金花茶为喜暖热植物,对热量要求较高,属热带性树种。金花茶不能忍耐阳光直射,为喜荫耐荫植物,要求的光合有效辐射一般小于photons12.8μmol?m-2?s-1。(3)金花茶群落植物组成种类多样,且多属热带性树种。组成群落主要科有橄榄科(Burseraceae)、山榄科(Sapotaceae)、大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、桑科(Moraceae)、藤黄科(Guttiferae)、无患子科(Sapindaceae)、番荔枝科(Annonaceae)、梧桐科(Sterculiaceae)的种类。研究结果摸清了金花茶的地理分布和主要生态特性,为金花茶的引种驯化和种质资源的保存提供科学依据。     

Survival and productivity benefits to social nesting in the sweat bee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Megalopta genalis</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Facultatively solitary and eusocial species allow for direct tests of the benefits of group living. We used the facultatively social sweat bee Megalopta genalis to test several benefits of group living. We surveyed natural nests modified for observation in the field weekly for 5 weeks in 2003. First, we demonstrate that social and solitary nesting are alternative behaviors, rather than different points on one developmental trajectory. Next, we show that solitary nests suffered significantly higher rates of nest failure than did social nests. Nest failure apparently resulted from solitary foundress mortality and subsequent brood orphanage. Social nests had significantly higher productivity, measured as new brood cells provisioned during the study, than did solitary nests. After accounting for nest failures, per capita productivity did not change with group size. Our results support key predictions of Assured Fitness Return models, suggesting such indirect fitness benefits favor eusocial nesting in M. genalis. We compared field collections of natural nests to our observation nest data to show that without accounting for nest failures, M. genalis appear to suffer a per capita productivity decrease with increasing group size. Calculating per capita productivity from collected nests without accounting for the differential probabilities of survival across group sizes leads to an overestimate of solitary nest productivity.     

Emission of oilseed rape volatiles after pollen beetle infestation; behavioural and electrophysiological responses in the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phradis morionellus</Emphasis>

Summary. The pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, is an important pest of oilseed rape, Brassica napus. Larvae of this species feed only in the buds and flowers of Brassicaceae. One important natural enemy of this beetle is the parasitoid Phradis morionellus that attacks larvae in buds and flowers and also feeds on the flowers. The preferences for odours of non-infested and infested rape were tested for both starved and fed parasitoids in Y-tube olfactometer experiments. The volatile blend released from pollen beetle-infested and non-infested flowering rape and from pollen beetle larvae was identified and quantified. Gas chromatography-electroantennodetection analyses were performed with female P. morionellus. Parasitoids in both treatment groups preferred infested rape, but the proportion of responding female P. morionellus was significantly lower for the group that was starved. Six of the 20 volatiles identified were released at higher rates from infested rape than from non-infested. None of these compounds was found in pollen beetle larvae headspace. P. morionellus antennae detected both major and minor components in the volatile blend. The volatiles released at a significantly higher rate from infested rape and detected by P. morionellus antennae were (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (Z)-3-hexenol, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate and (E,E)-α-farnesene.