太湖流域污水处理厂升级改造的措施与思考

太湖蓝藻事件的爆发促使了太湖流域污水处理厂大范围的升级改造,升级改造的主要措施有强化生物处理、深度处理等,具体工程措施需要结合水质处理要求、现有处理工艺、经济发展水平等进行比选。升级改造的出水水质需要结合纳污水体的污染现状和环境容量进行合理确定。升级改造过程中需要重视进水水质水量的设计与监控,加强工程投资和运行费用的控制。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

有害植物鸡屎藤的研究趋势分析

近年来,鸡屎藤不仅在引种地发生危害,而且在原产地也发生生物灾害,引起了专家学者的重视。在对鸡屎藤区系分类及地理空间分布、形态及生理特征、化学成分和营养成分、生态危害调查与评估、管理与危害控制等现状综合分析基础上,提出了该植物未来的研究趋势：（1）鸡屎藤形态和生理生态特征研究;（2）开展生态危害调查评估与预警研究;（3）鸡屎藤灾变机制研究;（4）开展危害控制研究。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定污水处理厂水样中的雌激素

采用HLB固相萃取、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下建立污水处理厂进、出水口水样中7种雌激素(戊酸雌二醇、炔雌醇、雌三醇、雌二醇、己烷雌酚、雌酮和己烯雌酚)的快速筛查测定方法,优化了固相萃取条件(萃取柱、洗脱液、pH值以及淋洗液)和UPLC-MS/MS分析条件(流动相及梯度、毛细管电压、锥孔电压、射频透镜电压、碰撞能量、离子源温度、脱溶剂气流量和锥孔气流量)。当7种雌激素质量浓度在1～100μg.L-1线性范围内时,所得回归方程的决定系数r2均大于0.997 2,方法检测限为4.40～10.27 ng.L-1,在20～100 ng.L-1雌激素添加水平范围内,进、出水口水样中目标物平均回收率分别为70.3%～95.1%和72.6%～96.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别小于10.4%和9.5%。将该方法应用于南京地区4个综合污水处理厂进、出水口水样中雌激素的测定,4个污水处理厂进水中均含有高达几十、甚至上百ng.L-1的戊酸雌二醇、雌三醇和雌酮,出水中也含有几到几十ng.L-1的某几种雌激素。     

Recovery of coagulant from water supply plant sludge and its effect on clarification

Spent coagulant in water supply plant sludge was extracted with H₂SO₄ and the efficiency of the reused coagulant was studied. The optimum pH values for coagulant extraction and clarification with the reused coagulant were 3.0–4.0 and about 6, respectively. In treating raw influent obtained from a sewage treatment plant and wastewater from a coastal landfill site, the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorous with the recovered coagulant was higher than that with commercial aluminum sulfate or polyaluminum chloride. In addition, the sludge settling properties, the extra sludge mass formation, the supernatant quality, and the cost of reagents were also studied. The coagulant recovered from water supply plant sludge by H₂SO₄ extraction could be successfully reused for the clarification of domestic and food industry wastewaters.     

Comparison of PCDD/PCDF levels in soil, grass, cow''s milk, human blood and spruce needles in an area of PCDD/PCDF contamination through emissions from a metal reclamation plant

When in the vicinity of a metal reclamation plant in Tyrol, Austria, increased PCDD/PCDF levels were found in soil and spruce needles, the extent of grass contamination as well as the PCDD/PCDF content in milk of cows fed with hay from this area was determined. The milk samples showed a significant increase in PCDD/PCDF levels compared to control samples. In a blood sample of a farmer a significant increase in PCDD/PCDF levels was found. Correlations in PCDD/PCDF levels between soil, spruce needles, grass, cow's milk and human blood will be presented.     

Trends in the formation of biotopic complexes of bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Apidae: Bombini) in northern taiga karst landscapes of the Western Russian Plain

Main trends in the formation of biotopic complexes of bumblebees in the northern taiga zone are analyzed. It is proposed that Eurasian forest species of bumblebees (Bombus (Th.) schrencki, B. (Mg.) consobrinus, etc.) are coadaptively connected with entomophilous plant species belonging to the synusia of Eurosiberian riverine-mountain meadow tall herbage, with the numbers of species in both biotic groups (pollinating insects and plants) and their abundance being greater in the landscape characterized by a high degree of karstification. In the biotopic bumblebee complex of a large river valley, the relative abundance of forest bumblebee species is 2.5–5.3 times lower than in other complexes, whereas that of meadow species is two orders of magnitude higher due to favorable thermal conditions and a large number of habitats with mesophilic herbage and legumes. Each of the distinct ecogeographic groups of bumblebees and the corresponding synusiae (each comprising entomophilous plants of different taxonomic groups) appear to be coadapted. This is probably a result of the diffuse coevolution of pollinators and plants belonging to the genetically unified biota.     

Phytocenotypes and Ecocenotic Potentials of Meadow Grasses

The systems of Ramenskii's cenobiotic types and Grime's life strategies applied to meadow grasses are compared, and differences between these systems are demonstrated. The parameters of violence of meadow grasses in the aboveground and underground spheres are discussed. The methods for evaluating the degrees of shade tolerance in grasses and their tolerance to sodding are proposed. Two types of explerence are distinguished in meadow grasses (cenophobic and cenofluctuation explerence).     

Site examination for threatened and endangered plant species

A procedure is described for conducting floristic examinations of prospective sites of development in order to determine the presence of threatened and/or endangered plant species. The timed meander search procedure provides information to document the level of effort expended in the examination as well as to describe the floristic resources of the site. Tests of the procedure during the 1979 and 1980 field seasons have demonstrated its value both as a means of discovering threatened and endangered species on a site and as a means of documenting a low probability of occurrence of such species if not found during application of the procedure.