城市绿地土壤呼吸时空变异及其影响因素

2012年7月-2012年12月,采用LI—COR-8100测定了柳树、圆柏和杏树3种北京绿化树木的土壤呼吸速率,并分析了生物因子和非生物因子对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：3个树种的土壤呼吸速率平均值为：柳树3．53μmol／（m2·s）,圆柏2．68μmol（m2·s）,杏树2．38μmol／（m2·s）;3种树木土壤呼吸速率呈现相似的月动态,与温度呈极显著指数相关,而与土壤水分相关性不显著。8月柳树和圆柏的土壤呼吸显著高于杏树;9月柳树的土壤呼吸显著高于圆柏和杏树;10—11月3种树木之间差异性不显著。8—9月土壤呼吸速率和温度、树木胸径、总碳、总氮、有机碳及硝态氮显著相关,而与碳氮比、叶面积指数呈极显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,8—9月间3种树木的土壤呼吸主要受到树木胸径和叶面积指数的影响,模型解释率为42．0％（p=0．001）。     

温带湖泊周边湿地原生草地与人工林土壤碳释放差异性分析

采用红外气体分析法对东平湖湿地人工杨树林和自然草地土壤碳通量进行测定,分析了6:00到18:00两种生境下群落土壤碳通量日变化规律,及其对温度、水分等环境因子的响应。结果表明:(1)两种生境群落的土壤碳通量日动态都呈单峰曲线,但人为耕作过的土壤碳通量明显高于原生草地,土壤碳通量均在6:00达到最小值,杨树林土壤碳通量的最大值出现在12:00,而草地群落土壤碳通量最大值在14:00左右;(2)人工林土壤碳通量与近地面大气温度、土壤温度的相关性均低于草地,且两种生境群落土壤呼吸与近地面大气温度的相关性(P<0.01)均好于与土壤温度的相关性(P<0.05)。土壤碳通量对近地面大气温度的敏感性Q10值大于土壤温度的敏感性,人工林土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值小于草地。土壤碳通量与近地面大气相对湿度之间具有显著线性方程关系(P<0.01),人工杨树林和草地的相关系数分别为:0.399、0.29。杨树林土壤碳通量与土壤体积含水量相关性差(P<0.05),湿地草地土壤CO2释放量与土壤体积含水量的相关性不显著(P>0.05),这可能由于土壤体积含水量日变化较小,而不能很好的解释日变化尺度上的土壤呼吸变化;(3)对湿地地土壤碳通量的日变化与土壤养分和盐分相关分析得出,人工林土壤中的有机质和全盐与土壤碳通量具有显著关系(P<0.05),而草地土壤碳通量与土壤养分和盐分相关性均非常差,说明人工林生境土壤有机质和全盐是影响土壤碳通量的一个重要因素,而对草地的影响较小。该结果可以为华北平原东部地区以及温带湖泊湿地的土壤碳通量研究提供参考。     

Stability of soil organic carbon changes in successive rotations of Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） plantations

The importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) under forests in the global carbon cycle depends on the stability of the soil carbon and its availability to soil microbial biomass. We investigated the e ects of successive rotations of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations on the stability of SOC and its availability to microbes by adopting the two-step hydrolysis with H2SO4 and density fractionation. The results showed that successive rotations of Chinese fir decreased the quantity of total SOC, recalcitrant fraction, and carbohydrates in Labile Pool I (LP I), and microbial properties evidently, especially at 0–10 cm horizon. However, cellulose included in Labile Pool II (LP II) and the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio increased in successive rotations of Chinese fir. The noncellulose of carbohydrates included in LP I maybe highly available to soil microbial biomass. Hence the availability of SOC to microbial biomass declined over the successive rotations. Although there was no significant change in recalcitrance of SOC over the successive rotations of Chinese fir, the percentage of heavy fraction to total SOC increased, suggesting that the degree of physical protection for SOC increased and SOC became more stable over the successive rotations. The degradation of SOC quality in successive rotation soils may be attributed to worse environmental conditions resulted from disturbance that related to “slash and burn” site preparation. Being highly correlated with soil microbial properties, the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio as an e ective indicator of changes in availability of SOC to microbial biomass brought by management practices in forest soils.     

Early responses of soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen to forest gap harvesting of a Pinus massoniana plantation in the upper reaches of Yangtze River北大核心CSCD

To understand the short-term effects of forest gap by human harvesting on soil available nutrient in Pinus massoniana plantations, the variations of soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations in the gap center and gap edge during growing season were observed in seven gaps of different size (Gl: 100 m2; G2:225 m2; G3:400 m2; G4:625 m2; G5:900 m2; G6:1225 m2; G7:1600 m2) and pure understory of a 39-year-old masson pine plantation in a hilly area of the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The results showed that in the early stage of gap formation, the gap size had significant effect on NH4+-N, the season changes on NP3--N, and the interaction effect of gap size and seasonal variation on NH4+-N and NO3--N. The difference of NH4+-N and NO3--N between the gap center and gap edge was not significant. (I) The NH4+-N content was 4.30-11.99 mg kg-1, and NO3--N content was 2.57-10.81 mg kg-1. There was no obvious difference in NH4+-N and N03--N among gaps of different size in early or late growing seasons, when both increased first and decreased afterwards in the middle of growing season. The gaps of 100∼400 m2 area had a higher content of available nitrogen. (2) The seasonal dynamic differed between NH4+-N and NO3--N, with the former lower in middle growing season whereas the latter higher in the middle growing season but lower in the end of growing season. The soil NH4+-N was higher than NO3- -N in the early and late periods, but lower in the middle period. (3) The soil NH4+-N and NO3--N in parts of gaps were lower than understory in the early and late growing season. (4) Correlation analyses showed that NH4+-N had significant positive correlation with microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and NO3--N with soil temperature, MBN and organic matter. But the impact of soil water content on available nitrogen was not significant. These results suggested that soil temperature and microbial activity variation caused by gap harvesting are the main factors affecting soil available nitrogen content of Pinus massoniana plantations.     

Soil physi-chemical properties,biomass and nutrient contents of forest litter in mixed plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and three tree species北大核心CSCD

In the present study, we compared the soil physical and chemical properties, biomass of forest litter and nutrient contents in three-and-half-year plantations of E. grandis mixed with Toona ciliate, Alnus formosana, Sassafras tzumu. The results indicated that mixing T. ciliate and A. formosana with E. grandis mitigated soil acidification. In E. grandis × S. tzumu plantations, the soil bulk density decreased, but the moisture capacity and porosity increased. The mixed plantations of E. grandis × S. tzumu significantly increased the soil total C, N, P and K content, by 64.7%, 41.9%, 28.6% and 7.7%, respectively. The mixed plantations of E. grandis × A. formosana also significantly increased the soil total C, N and P content, by 15.2%, 27.9% and 47.6%, respectively. Compared with the pure plantations, the mixed plantations had significantly lower soil hydrolysis N and higher available P content. Only the E. grandis × A. formosana plantations had higher soil available K content. Compared with that in pure plantations, the biomass of branch litter and leaf litter was significantly higher in E. grandis × A. formosana plantations but significantly lower in E. grandis × A. formosana and E. grandis × A. formosana plantations; the biomass of leaf litter and total biomass of litter of E. grandis × S. tzumu were 9.8% and 9.3% respectively lower. The litter C content in three kinds of mixed forest was significantly lower and the litter N content was significantly higher than that in the pure plantations. Only the mixed plantations of E. grandis × A. formosana plantations would increase the content of litter P. The mixed plantations of E. grandis × S. tzumu would increase the content of litter K. In general, S. tzumu is the optimal tree species to mix with E. grandis, followed by A. formosana, but T. ciliate is unsuitble for mixed plantation with E. grandis.     

北京西山侧柏人工林土壤呼吸组分及其影响因素

采用挖壕法,利用LI-8100土壤CO2通量自动观测系统,确定了北京西山侧柏人工林土壤呼吸中异养呼吸和根系自养呼吸的贡献率及其影响因子,分析了土壤呼吸的日、月际时间尺度的变异特征,并利用经验模型分析了土壤温度、土壤体积含水量对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:1土壤呼吸速率、异养呼吸速率的昼夜变化呈现单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在14:00—15:00;月际变化也呈单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在7—8月;观测期内土壤呼吸速率日均值变化范围在0.09~12.16μmol·m-2·s-1,异养呼吸速率日均值变化范围在0.02~10.86μmol·m-2·s-1,年均贡献率为69.59%;自养呼吸速率日均值为0.01~6.79μmol·m-2·s-1,年均贡献率为30.41%.2土壤温度的日、月际变化均呈单峰形曲线变化而土壤体积含水量变化规律不明显;整个观测期间土壤呼吸速率的温度敏感系数Q10为2.91,异养呼吸速率的Q10为3.52.3模型研究表明,相对于土壤温度、土壤体积含水量单因素模型,土壤温度与土壤体积含水量的复合模型对土壤呼吸速率变化解释能力为86.8%,对异养呼吸速率的解释能力为74.4%.该研究为森林生态系统碳收支估测及碳循环提供数据依据.     

间作杉木对茶园土壤及茶树叶片重金属含量与分布的影响

以单作茶园和杉木—茶间作茶园为研究对象,测定间作杉木对茶园土壤及茶树叶片重金属元素含量及分布的影响。结果表明：（1）间作杉木可降低茶园土壤Pb、Ni、Mn、Zn元素含量,尤其对Mn有较强吸收能力,其次为Ni、Pb、Zn;（2）间作茶园茶树叶片Pb、Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著低于单作茶园,说明间作杉木对减少茶叶中4种重金属含量,改善茶叶品质可起到明显作用。     

黄土高原刺槐人工林地土壤颗粒分形特征研究

采用分形理论,研究黄土高原刺槐人工林地不同树龄和不同深度的土壤颗粒的分形特征.结果表明,在刺槐人工林凋落物和根系等的作用下,人工林能够提高林地土壤的团聚能力,降低土壤的分形维数;不同树龄刺槐人工林地的土壤颗粒分形维数在土壤剖面的不同深度上趋于均一,而且小于同种质地的其他土壤;土壤颗粒分形维数可以反映森林土壤粒径分布的变化,因而可作为评价森林土壤生态特征的指标.     

间伐对马尾松人工林林下植物多样性的短期和长期影响

探讨不同间伐强度林下马尾松人工林植物多样性的动态变化,为确定合理的间伐强度提供理论依据。以南京溧水林场马尾松俨砌USmassonianaLamb．）中龄人工林为研究对象,于2007年和2011年对间伐1a和5a后各间伐林下植物多样性进行了调查和分析。结果表明：间伐la和5a后,与对照相比,中强度间伐林下植物种类、数量、丰富度Margalef指数、多样性Simpson、Sharmon-Weiner指数和均匀度JSW指数均显著提高（P〈O．05）,林下植物的生态优势度指数显著降低（P〈O．05）;弱度间伐林下各指数在间伐1a后显著降低（P〈O．05）,而在间伐5a后显著提高（P〈O．05o中强度间伐后林分各指数增幅最大,其中Shannon．Wiener指数对间伐措施更为敏感。间伐5a后,中强度间伐林下植物种类、数量和多样性指数比间伐1a后有所提高,弱度、中度、强度间伐后的林下植物种类比对照分别增加15、17和15种,总密度分别增加1．40、3．44和2．14倍。从短期和长期影响效果来看,中、强度间伐有利于植物多样性的提高。     

不同密度侧柏人工林碳储量变化及其机理初探

以徐州侧柏Platycladus orientalis（Linn）Franco人工林为研究对象,运用生物量转化方程及土壤调查数据探讨了1 679、2 250和3 074株.hm-2的3种密度对生态系统碳储量的影响及其机理。结果表明,①乔木层、土壤层和生态系统的碳储量均随林分密度的增加而明显减少,灌草层碳储量在低林分密度最大,而枯落物层碳储量在中林分密度最大。低林分密度生态系统的碳储量是94.11 t.hm-2,分别是中密度和高密度生态系统的碳储量1.19倍和1.28倍,而这种差异主要是由乔木层和土壤层碳储量差异引起的。②林分密度对细根生物量的影响不显著（P〉0.05）,而细根形态随林分密度的增加表现为低级根中1、2级根直径变粗,根长先变长后变短,比根长变短（P〈0.05）;而高级根中的5级根直径显著变细,根长和比根长变长（P〉0.05）。③林分密度对细根生物量的影响与乔木层、土壤层和生态系统碳储量的变化规律具有较高的一致性,均为低密度下最大,高密度下最小。因此,细根生物量可能是导致系统碳储量变化的主要因素之一。