土地利用变化对湿地景观连通性的影响及连通性优化效应——以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例

土地利用与土地覆盖变化对湿地景观的结构和功能产生深刻的影响。选择江苏盐城海滨地区为研究对象,应用遥感和地理信息系统技术,分析20年来土地利用变化对湿地景观连通性的影响,并以2007年湿地景观生态系统服务功能为基础,采用阻力面模型探讨湿地景观连通性优化途径及其效应。结果显示:①1987—2007年间,盐城海滨区域土地利用结构变化显著。其中耕地面积比重由36.72%上升为46.17%,自然湿地持续减少,面积由44.4%减为26.01%,人工湿地持续增加,面积由9.96%上升为18.72%;②随着区域人类土地利用活动的加强,光滩、碱蓬沼泽和芦苇沼泽的空间连通性降低,区域土地利用导致湿地景观之间生态流阻隔,景观生态服务功能减弱;③2007年湿地景观生态功能强度空间差异显著,以累积耗费距离面、生态源地、耗费路径为依据,对湿地景观连通路径优化结果表明,废黄河口和大丰港附近等关键区域对景观连通性和生态流影响最大,是景观生态节点优化的首要对象;④加强连通路径的关键区域优化、提高景观连通度是实现景观优化的关键。     

Simulating Soil Water Content,Evapotranspiration, and Yield of Variably Irrigated Grain Sorghum Using AquaCrop

Use of models to simulate crop production has become important in optimizing irrigation management in arid and semiarid regions. However, applicability and performance of these models differ across regions, due to differences in environmental and management factors. The AquaCrop model was used to simulate soil water content (SWC), evapotranspiration (ET), and yield for grain sorghum under different irrigation regimes and dryland conditions at two sites in Central and Southern High Plains. Prediction error (P_e), estimated as the difference between simulated and measured divided by measured, for SWC ranged from ?17% to 4% in fully irrigated, ?3% to ?10% in limited irrigated, and ?16% to 25% in dryland treatments. The P_e within ±4%, ?5%, and ?17% to 24% were attained for seasonal ET under fully irrigated, limited irrigated, and dryland conditions, respectively. P_e values for grain yield were within those previously reported and ranged from ?10% to 12%, ?12% to 7%, and 9% to 17% for fully irrigated, limited irrigated and dryland conditions, respectively. Overall performance of the AquaCrop model showed it could be used as an effective tool for evaluating the impacts of variable crop and irrigation managements on the production of grain sorghum in the study area. Finally, the application of the model in the study area revealed planting date has a significant impact on sorghum yield and irrigation requirements, but the impact of planting density was negligible. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

磁絮凝预处理景观湖泊的补水试验研究

为了快速净化景观湖泊的补水,采用磁絮凝法对Ⅴ类甚至劣Ⅴ类河道水体进行预处理,设计正交试验,分析了絮凝剂(PAC)、助凝剂(PAM)以及磁铁粉的投加量对预处理效果的影响,并利用正交试验法和多指标综合评分法进一步优化磁絮凝预处理工艺参数,结果表明最佳工艺参数为:磁铁粉加入量100 mg/L,PAC投加量150 mg/L,PAM投加量2 mg/L。在此最佳工艺参数下,进行验证试验,COD去除率达到50.39%,TP去除率为96.65%,浊度去除率为91.59%,氨氮去除率为6.31%,除氨氮外,其他各指标基本均能达到地表水环境Ⅲ类水体标准,达到了预处理目的,为后续深度净化减轻负荷压力。     

辽河流域生态景观结构变化及驱动力研究

对辽河流域景观结构进行分析的结果表明,2000年-2010年间,辽河流域自然景观类型面积变化不明显,结构稳定;而人工景观变化明显,居民区、交通用地等人工表面持续增加,农田面积持续减少,景观破碎化趋势明显.生态环境保护政策的实施使林地、草地、湿地等自然景观得到保护,为流域生态系统的演替提供了正向干扰;工业化进程和人口增长作为流域景观变化的主要驱动力,是人工表面增加和农田面积减少及破碎化的直接原因.     

中国火山/火山岩景观地质公园展望

本文概略介绍了中国大陆4个火山(岩)为主题的世界地质公园和16个国家地质公园,以及中国香港和中国台湾的两个地质公园。文章还介绍了这些地质公园火山岩喷发时代、火山类型、大地构造环境和火山(岩)景观特征与分类。它们的喷发时代主要为更新世-全新世、中新世、始新世和白垩纪。四个时期的火山地质公园,在不同年代火山中均具代表性与典型性,为中国火山/火山岩研究提供了真实的材料。作者还针对火山地质公园建设现状提出加强科学研究与实施解说系统工程两条建议。     

浅谈生态环境影响评价中的景观生态学法

景观生态学是近十几年发展起来的一门新兴学科,且现代景观生态学己经成为生态学领域中令人瞩目的一个分支,其发展为生态环境评价提供了有力的工具,近几年国家环境保护部<非污染生态影响评价技术导则>引入景观生态学的概念框架和理论方法,主要运用景观生态学中的优势度原理,通过对优势度的计算,分析项目建设前后优势度的变化情况,评价由于项目建设引起的生态环境影响.本文通过对景观生态学历史、现状以及未来发展趋势的研究,体现景观生态学法在现今生态环境影响评价中的重要作用.     

大庆油田景观生态规划研究

通过大庆油田景观生态现状调查,分析存在的景观生态环境问题,提出切合实际的景观生态规划目标和原则,综合考虑油田生产设施用地、城镇用地、耕地、草地、林地、湿地以及未利用土地等因素,制定以土地利用类型、方式、强度和布局调整及生态基础设施建设为主的规划措施,旨在维护油田景观生态格局在区域背景下的功能和结构的完整和健康,强化景观生态系统生物生产、环境服务和文化支持的功能,实现油田生产与生态环境和谐共生。     

浅谈水库风景区建设在生态保护与修复中的利用——以孝感市为例

在市场经济的条件下,开展水库生态风景区建设,要充分利用库区旅游资源开发带来的经济效益,结合水库风景的特点,按供需平衡关系,改变资源利用形式,按边沿景现再造模式,多层次、可持续地开发与保护水库资源,促进水利风景区的健康发展.     

库布齐沙漠典型地区景观变化研究

Spatial pattern analysis is the core component in landscape ecology research. We analyzed the landscape pattern and dynamic process of the Kubuqi Desert by using a typical region as a study area. This study area includes four towns: ShuLinZhao, WangAiZhao, BaiNiJing and JiGeSiTai. The area of cropland, fixed sand dune, woodland, residential area and wetland increased and centralized gradually, while the area of semi-fixed sand dune, drifting sand dune, meadow and washland decreased and dispersed gradually from 1987 to 2003. On the landscape level, the patch shape tended to be regular, and the landscape pattern tended to be simple, causing the fragmentation degree, heterogeneity and diversity of the landscape to decrease. Fixed sand dune, Semi-fixed sand dune, drifting sand dune, meadow and river flood plains were the five main export classes, and residential area, cropland and wetland were the three main import classes. The classes that had a relatively large total area and large average patch area had a smaller extent of gravity center migration, whereas the classes with small total area and small average patch area had a larger extent of gravity center migration; this is because the small patches are easily influenced by human activities or natural factors. In addition, the desertification area and desertification degree reduced gradually in the study area during the period from 1987 to 2003.     

村级养殖种植园区碳素物质流分析——以北京市平谷区西柏店村为例

将西柏店村畜禽养殖规模折合为1.5万头猪场当量污染负荷,并将整个园区生产工艺分为养殖、废弃物处理和种植3个阶段,不考虑隐藏流的情况下,以1年为系统边界,通过数据调查、已有资料研究和小区种植试验,采用物质流分析方法分析了西柏店村养殖种植园区在整个生产工艺的碳素流动,以期为村级养殖种植园区大力发展低碳经济提供新的方法和视角,为村级区域循环经济及可持续发展提供减少环境压力解决方案的科学依据。通过园区养殖种植过程的C素分析表明,养殖阶段年输入C素总量为112.52×10^4 kg,其中猪身总固碳量为40.04×10^4 kg,粪碳和尿碳总量为49.29×10^4 kg,以CO2形式代谢排出的C为23.19×10^4 kg。废弃物处理阶段输入的碳主要为粪碳和尿碳,其总量为49.29×10^4 kg,其中9.79×10^4 kg尿碳直接进入种植阶段,39.50×10^4 kg粪碳进入沼气站处理,沼气转化出的碳为11.02×10^4 kg,其中CH4为8.43×10^4 kg,CO2为2.59×10^4 kg,养殖污水中通过CH4排放再加上其他途径释放的碳约有23.66×10^4 kg,占粪碳量的59.89%。进入种植阶段的碳素主要为尿碳、沼渣和沼液的碳素,合计为14.61×10^4 kg,假设该村43 hm^2耕地能全部施用沼肥,不计其他作物种植,1季玉米种植土壤可库存有机碳为60.50×10^4 kg,为进入种植阶段碳素14.61×10^4 kg的4倍,还可增加植物有机碳27.31×10^4 kg。由C素流动分析可知,西柏店村具有可容纳该村养殖废弃物的环境容量,有较好实现养殖废弃物循环利用的条件,但需大力加强畜禽废弃物的管理和处理,提高园区养殖废弃物循环利用效率。