Ranking Agricultural Sub-basins for Environmental Protection

Reconstructing long-term vegetation buffers along streams in agricultural landscapes has become a common environmental restoration strategy for improving water quality and wildlife habitat connectivity. This article developed a linear weighted model to rank the priority of agricultural sub-basins for the establishment of vegetative buffers. The method was applied to an agricultural watershed of 146 km2 in Ontario, Canada. The watershed was divided into 11 sub-basins as basic decision units. In each sub-basin, four stream buffer schemes with widths of 5, 10, 15 and 20m were generated. For each buffer, three benefit-cost attributes of reconstructing vegetation cover were estimated, which include acreage per dollar, sediment abatement per dollar and habitat benefit per dollar. These attributes were first normalized using a linear normalization approach to eliminate the effects across different units. The normalized attributes were then integrated using a simple additive weighting method to rank the 11 sub-basins for prioritizing spatial restoration action. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to observe the impact of a change in attribute weights on the management decisions. The results suggest that vegetation buffers reconstructed for achieving the water quality goal are not effective in improving habitat connectivity and vice versa.     

基于RS/GIS的武汉市九峰城市森林保护区景观结构特征及规划对策

大型的城市森林绿地是城市生态框架的重要组成部分,其景观结构的优化有助于城市生态系统结构与功能稳定。九峰城市森林保护区是武汉近郊最大的森林绿地。应用快鸟遥感影像并结合实地调查,在RS和GIS的支持下对九峰城市森林保护区的景观结构进行了分析,并探讨了森林景观的规划对策。结果表明：九峰城市森林保护区景观分为林地、农耕地、苗圃地、水域、建设用地、墓地、荒地、草地和裸岩9个景观类型,263个斑块,其中林地最多,占总面积的36.56%,占斑块总数的8.75%,为景观基质,但对景观过程的控制作用不强。建设用地和农耕地斑块形状最为复杂,易造成人类活动干扰的扩散。林地成片分布,破碎化程度较低,连通性较高,有利于其资源保护。九峰城市森林保护区表现出整体结构简单,局部结构复杂的特征。针对这些景观结构特征,提出了大幅提高林地比例,压缩建设用地和其他人类活动明显的景观类型面积,构建聚集间有离析的空间优化格局,加强荒地和裸岩的植被恢复,设置“踏脚石”斑块和建立保护性廊道的景观优化对策,以期为九峰城市森林保护区的规划与管理提供依据。     

竹丝生物膜反应器修复校园景观水体的实验研究

以竹丝作为填料而组建的接触氧化生物膜工艺对校园景观水体进行易位修复,通过设置5个不同工况以探明竹丝载体在修复轻度污染水体的特性,研究表明:当进水CODMn、氨氮和浊度分别为7.79~24.32 mg/L、1.36~11 mg/L和0.63~33.11 NTU的情况下,其去除率分别为10.57%~74.34%、-83.33%~57.55%和20.01%~100%,不同的运行工况对修复效果的影响不显著;系统在启动后的8 d内即可形成丰富成熟的生物相,而且竹丝上的细菌主要以短杆菌为主;竹丝生物膜反应器修复后的景观水体中的活细菌数量可减少1个数量级。竹丝上的亲水性基团和良好的生物亲和性以及从竹丝上脱落下来的零散竹丝纤维是竹丝填料生物膜快速形成的基础,宏观和微观"网捕"结构是该系统能在极短时间实现高效去除浊度、有机物和细菌等高分子物质的主要原因。     

Spatial Variability of Nitrate Concentrations Under Diverse Conditions in Tributaries to a Lake Watershed1

Abstract: Nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) concentrations in stream water often respond uniquely to changes in inter‐annual conditions (e.g., biological N uptake and precipitation) in individual catchments. In this paper, we assess (1) how the spatial distribution of NO₃‐N concentrations varies across a dense network of nonnested catchments and (2) how relationships between multiple landscape factors [within whole catchments and hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) of the catchments] and stream NO₃‐N are expressed under a variety of annual conditions. Stream NO₃‐N data were collected during two synoptic sampling events across >55 tributaries and two synoptic sampling periods with >11 tributaries during summer low flow periods. Sample tributaries drain mixed land cover watersheds ranging in size from 0.150 to 312 km² and outlet directly to Cayuga Lake, New York. Changes in NO₃‐N concentration ratios between each sampling event suggest a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in catchment response across the Cayuga Lake Watershed, ranging from 0.230 to 61.4. Variations in NO₃‐N concentrations within each of the large synoptic sampling events were also high, ranging from 0.040 to 8.7 mg NO₃‐N/l (March) and 0.090 to 15.5 mg NO₃‐N/l (October). Although Pearson correlation coefficients suggest that this variability is related to multiple landscape factors during all four sampling events, partial correlations suggest percentage of row crops in the catchments as the only similar factor in March and October and catchment area as the only factor during summer low flows. Further, the strength of the relationships is typically lower in the HSAs of catchment. Advancing current understanding of such variations and relationships to landscape factors across multiple catchments – and under a variety of biogeochemical and hydrological conditions – is important, as (1) nitrate continues to be employed as an indicator of regional aquatic ecosystem health and services and (2) a unified framework approach for understanding individual catchment processes is a rapidly evolving focus for catchment‐based science and management.     

A Comparison of Statistical Approaches for Predicting Stream Temperatures Across Heterogeneous Landscapes1

Abstract: Estimating stream temperatures across broad spatial extents is important for regional conservation of running waters. Although statistical models can be useful in this endeavor, little information exists to aid in the selection of a particular statistical approach. Our objective was to compare the accuracy of ordinary least‐squares multiple linear regression, generalized additive modeling, ordinary kriging, and linear mixed modeling (LMM) using July mean stream temperatures in Michigan and Wisconsin. Although LMM using low‐rank thin‐plate smoothing splines to measure the spatial autocorrelation in stream temperatures was the most accurate modeling approach; overall, there were only slight differences in prediction accuracy among the evaluated approaches. This suggests that managers and researchers can select a stream temperature modeling approach that meets their level of expertise without sacrificing substantial amounts of prediction accuracy. The most accurate models for Michigan and Wisconsin had root mean square errors of 2.0‐2.3°C, suggesting that only relatively coarse predictions can be produced from landscape‐based statistical models at regional scales. Explaining substantially more variability in stream temperatures likely will require the collection of finer‐scale hydrologic and physiographic data, which may be cost prohibitive for monitoring and assessing stream temperatures at regional scales.     

新疆艾比湖流域平原区景观土壤属性特征研究

以新疆艾比湖流域平原区为对象,在对研究区进行景观生态分类及野外调查验证的基础上,利用＂3S＂技术将1∶100×104的新疆土壤类型图与研究区景观类型图叠加,从土壤属性层次上对研究区各类景观的生态土壤类型进行确认,并分析其在研究区内分布的特征。结果表明：研究区主要土壤类型为26类,以石膏灰棕漠土所占比例最大,占研究区总面积的19.03%,棕钙土、荒漠风沙土、草甸盐土、盐化草甸土、和灌耕灰漠土等面积也较大。     

非溶解态物质对苏州市景观水体表观污染的影响

景观功能已成为我国城市水体的主体功能,随着城市水体污染的加剧,这一功能也难以得到保障;识别城市景观水体表观污染物质的存在状态,有利于对景观水体表观污染的成因、形成机制进行深入研究,从而可以为景观水体表观污染的预警、防控和工程治理提供技术支撑。对苏州30条河道广域采集200组水样,用0.45μm滤膜抽滤去除水样中非溶解态物质,对比抽滤前后水样的浊度、色度,结果表明,非溶解态物质是引起水体浊度、色度的主要原因;对比极端黄色水样抽滤前后的浊度、色度,并对悬浮物的高锰酸盐指数(Im)进行测定,结果表明,造成黄色水体表观污染的主要是沙粒、粘土等无机非溶解态物质;对比抽滤前后极端黑色水体中硫化物及极端深绿色水体中的叶绿素a(Chla)的含量,结果表明,这些表观污染物质主要以非溶解态的形式存在;极端水体的测定分析证实了城市景观水体表观污染主要由非溶解态物质造成。     

北京市近郊区乡村景观规划方法初探

以北京西北近郊白家疃村为例 ,分析了乡村景观的现状和动态演变的特征 ,重点探讨了乡村景观规划的原则和方法 ,并提出了白家疃村景观规划方案和设计要点     

乡村景观规划的发展历史及其在我国的发展前景

介绍了国内外乡村景观规划的发展历史 ,阐述了乡村景观规划的内容和特点 ,并简要分析了我国开展乡村景观规划的基础研究和应用的发展趋势 ,指出了应继续完善系统性的理论和方法论上的探讨 ,并对一些重点区域进一步开展典型研究和实践应用 ,以此作为今后研究发展的重点领域。     

Developing a simplified river landscape assessment model: Examples from the Chungkang and Touchien rivers, Taiwan

Currently, river landscape evaluations cannot be conducted by the general public, due to their lack of professional training. However, consulting professionals is time consuming and costly. The research conducted addresses both problems by (1) developing suitable criteria for assessing river environments, and (2) formulating a strategy for using the proposed criteria, thereby creating an effective method for river management by non-professionals. This research was carried out, in accordance with Visual Resource Management theory, at 12 survey sites along the ChungKang River. The landscape quality sequences acquired were then evaluated using a revised and simplified assessment model. The same process was repeated on the Touchien River to verify its feasibility. This research developed both specific criteria as well a method for evaluating river landscapes, which can be employed by non-professional river project managers. Ultimately, the aim of this research is to develop and promote sustainable river resource management.