The Distribution of Tree Species in the Ridge Landscape (Southern Karelia)

The distribution of tree species in the landscape was studied using the approach based on the comparison of the ecological requirements of species and the properties of ecotopes distinguished by their position in the relief and peculiarities of basement rocks. The types and specificity of ecological regimes were determined for the typical ecotopes of the southern Karelian ridge landscape. The main environmental and successional factors determining the distribution of seven forest-forming tree species in the ecotopes of this landscape were identified. The results of this work can provide a basis for the prognosis of forest vegetation in the landscape studied.     

MEETING PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS WITH ECOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN RIPARIAN LANDSCAPES1

ABSTRACT: Appearances matter for managing riparian landscapes because the appearance of landscapes affects public willingness to accept plans and designs that improve ecological quality. Riparian landscape design and planning should respect and strategically incorporate characteristics that the public values and expects to see. Such design can be quite novel in its ecological effects, but it also should be sufficiently familiar in appearance to correspond with cultural values. This paper describes some influential cultural values for riparian landscapes and demonstrates how attention to such values supports public acceptance of ecologically innovative design in rural and urban watersheds.     

景观资源的评价与保护

景观资源是为满足人类精神需求的战略性资源.景观资源是旅游业发展的物质基础,它对区域发展战略和城市风貌具有决定性影响.笔者提出了景观美学识别的三项原则,概述景观评价的内容与方法,提出景观资源保护的途径与策略:作好保护规划、立法保护、开展建设项目景观影响评价和树立保护景观资源的正确观念.      

晋陕蒙接壤区典型生态过渡带景观变化遥感研究

晋陕蒙接壤区是典型的生态过渡带,生态环境具有波动性、脆弱性和敏感性.笔者采用2个时期遥感影像作为基本信息源,在GIS的支持下,建立空间信息库,选取斑块大小、分维数、形状指数、景观破碎度和景观优势度等指标,对景观空间格局的动态变化进行了分析.同时利用马尔柯夫模型对该区的景观要素转换进行了模拟.结果显示,1988～2000年期间,该区的景观格局发生了显著变化,景观趋于破碎化.      

黑龙江省近50年来沼泽湿地退缩特征及其原因分析

在RS和GIS的支持下,综合集成1954年地形图和2000年TM影像重建黑龙江省1954~2000年沼泽湿地的空间信息矢量数据,结合斑块质心变化模型、景观参数和欧几里德最短距离函数,分析黑龙江省沼泽湿地退缩的区域分异特征,进一步从人类活动对沼泽退缩的影响的角度探讨沼泽退缩的原因。研究结果表明:黑龙江省近50年来,沼泽湿地面积急剧减少,由791.4×10⁴hm²减少到303.5×10⁴hm²;沼泽景观趋于破碎化;退缩的焦点区域主要集中在三江平原、大小兴安岭和松嫩平原。导致湿地退缩的人文原因主要包括三个方面:人口增加和耕地的不断开垦,国家建设国营农场的农业发展政策,与主要公路的空间区位关系。     

基于GIS的城市最小生态用地空间分析模型研究——以深圳市为例

21世纪,全球范围内城市化已经成为人类社会发展的必然趋势,城市扩张不可避免地将大量的森林、农田、草地、湿地和水域等发挥着重要生态服务功能的生态用地转化为城市建设用地,对城市、区域乃至全球的生态系统造成较大的影响。在未来快速城市化过程中,保护必需的生态用地对于维持城市自身生态系统健康、改善城市居民生活质量和城市可持续发展有着重要意义。研究以中国经济特区深圳市为例,将景观生态概念模型与生态系统服务功能价值评估方法结合起来,在GIS技术的支持下,构建了城市最小生态用地空间分析模型,并分别按照保留城市面积30%、40%、50%和60%生态用地的4种情景,分析最小生态用地空间分布的合理性,结果表明论文所构建的最小生态用地模型能够很好地将城市当中具有重要生态系统服务功能的土地提取出来。     

涤纶高弹丝纤维球滤料过滤特性研究

采用自主研制的涤纶高弹丝纤维球滤料对景观水进行过滤试验,研究其过滤特性及相关因素对过滤性能的影响. 结果表明,在不投加任何絮凝剂,滤速为30 m/h,平均进水浊度为87.5 NTU时,纤维球滤料过滤周期达16.5 h左右,出水浊度维持在3～5 NTU.当PAFC投加量为12 mg/L,滤速为30～50 m/h,进水浊度为50～70 NTU时,过滤出水浊度可以维持在1 NTU以下,过滤周期达6 h以上,周期截污量为30～45 kg/m3. 采用气冲－气水联合反冲－水冲的反冲洗方式,当气冲强度为25 L/(s·m2),水冲强度为8 L/(s·m2)时,纤维球滤料积泥量约占滤料质量的4.53%.      

The Combined Effects of Remnant Vegetation and Tree Planting on Farmland Birds

Abstract:  Biodiversity conservation on agricultural land is a major issue worldwide. We estimated separate and joint effects of remnant native woodland vegetation and recent tree plantings on birds on farms (approximately 500–1000 ha) in the heavily cleared wheat and sheep belt of southern Australia. Much of the variation (>70%) in bird responses was explained by 3 factors: remnant native-vegetation attributes (native grassland, scattered paddock trees, patches of remnant native woodland); presence or absence of planted native trees; and the size and shape of tree plantings. In terms of the number of species, remnant native vegetation was more important than tree planting, in a 3:1 ratio, approximately. Farms with high values for remnant native vegetation were those most likely to support declining or vulnerable species, although some individual species of conservation concern occurred on farms with large plantings. Farm management for improved bird conservation should account for the cumulative and complementary contributions of many components of remnant native-vegetation cover (e.g., scattered paddock trees and fallen timber) as well as areas of restored native vegetation.     

Conserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function through Limited Development: an Empirical Evaluation

Abstract:  Suburban, exurban, and rural development in the United States consumes nearly 1 million hectares of land per year and is a leading threat to biodiversity. In response to this threat, conservation development has been advanced as a way to combine land development and land conservation while providing functional protection for natural resources. Yet, although conservation development techniques have been in use for decades, there have been few critical evaluations of their conservation effectiveness. We addressed this deficiency by assessing the conservation outcomes of one type of conservation development project: conservation and limited development projects (CLDPs). Conducted by land trusts, landowners, and developers, CLDPs use revenue from limited development to finance the protection of land and natural resources. We compared a sample of 10 CLDPs from the eastern United States with their respective baseline scenarios (conventional development) and with a sample of conservation subdivisions—a different conservation development technique characterized by higher-density development. To measure conservation success, we created an evaluation method containing eight indicators that quantify project impacts to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at the site and in the surrounding landscape. The CLDPs protected and managed threatened natural resources including rare species and ecological communities. In terms of conservation benefits, the CLDPs significantly outperformed their respective baseline scenarios and the conservation subdivisions. These results imply that CLDPs can offer a low-impact alternative to conventional development and a low-cost method for protecting land when conventional conservation techniques are too expensive. In addition, our evaluation method demonstrates how planners and developers can incorporate appropriate ecological considerations when designing, reviewing, and evaluating conservation development projects.     

景观生态学及熵模型在荒漠化监测与评价中的应用

在对景观生态学和"熵"的概念及其特征进行分析的基础上,以承德市北部荒漠化地区为例,重点讨论了景观生态学中优势度指数、均匀度指数以及热力学中熵模型在荒漠化土地动态变化及评价中的应用.根据2001年8月31日Landsat卫星遥感TM数据,结合现场调查,通过景观熵值、植被覆盖度等指标综合评判,对研究样地荒漠化程度进行划分.结果表明:通过熵模型计算荒漠化景观系统的熵值,可以判断荒漠化景观发展趋势,也可以比较不同荒漠化景观的荒漠化程度.经过综合指标分析,判定丰宁县小坝乡属于重度荒漠化地区,围场县御道口属于中度荒漠化地区,该结论与实际相符合.