茶树上游猎型蜘蛛功能团对景观低碳管理模式的反应

目前温室效应加剧、生物多样性减少以及农田环境污染加重等问题已成为关注的焦点。由于蜘蛛是环境变化的指示标志和农业生中的重要捕食性天敌。通过选择茶树上游猎型蜘蛛为研究对象,调查分析景观低碳管理模式茶园（JG）与习惯管理模式茶园（XG）对茶树上游猎型蜘蛛组成、结构以及群落数量特征的影响。结果表明：JG茶园茶树上游猎型蜘蛛种类较多,有8个科,18个种;XG茶园有6个科,13个种;优势种和丰盛种中,JG茶园个体数为375头、195头,比XG茶园分别提高1.16、0.33倍。JG与XG两类茶园的蜘蛛种群数量特征在年龄结构、性别比例方面存在显著差异（P＜0.001）;JG茶园雌蛛个体数为157头、雄蛛个体数为320头,是XG茶园的1.12和1.32倍;JG茶园成蛛与幼蛛个体数是XG茶园的1.25和0.87倍,成蛛比幼蛛高出46.32%,而XG茶园成蛛比幼蛛高出21.82%;JG茶园蜘蛛种群数量特征发生动态显著高于XG茶园（P＜0.05）。JG茶园蜘蛛多样性指数和丰富度指数比XG茶园增加16.46%和12.14%。主成分分析表明,第一、二主成分累计贡献率达50.47%, JG茶园位置明显接近光盔蛛科（Liocranidae）、圆颚蛛科（Corinnidae）、跳蛛科（Salticidae）和管巢蛛科（Clubionidae）等蜘蛛群落数量分布较多的方向偏移,而XG茶园则向盗蛛科（Pisauridae）和猫蛛科（Oxyopidae）等蜘蛛群落数量分布较少方向靠近。由此可知,茶园实行低碳管理,实行复合种植,有利于减少CO2气体排放,保护茶树上游猎型蜘蛛种类多样性,提高对害虫的自然控制能力,为茶园固碳增汇,茶叶产值提高打下了基础。     

The evaluation of ecology-based tourism potential in coastal villages in accordance with landscape values and user demands: the Bursa-Mudanya-Kumyaka case

Ecology-based tourism, which is integrated with nature, developed in environmentally conscious areas and enriched by different cultures, has become more important in the direction of extending tourism throughout the year. While the landscape values of the area are important functions for tourism activities to be carried out in natural characteristics, the preferences of the users are also important. Ecology-based tourism, which develops in connection with the concepts of intacteness, the protection-use balance and sustainability, and the demands and expectations of tourists, constitute the basis of our study. For this purpose, the study was carried out in Kumyaka, a small coastal neighborhood (village) of the county of Mudanya in the province Bursa, Turkey with important natural, historical and cultural assets. Fieldwork, field analysis, literature search, interviews with tourists coming to the field, interviews with the day trippers and survey work were conducted in the study. While evaluating the ecology-based tourism potential of the area, the demands and expectations of tourists have been taken into account together with the available area data. According to the results of the survey, tourists are mostly interested in having the most scenic value and quietness when choosing the area. The types of tourism that tourists most wanted to experience in the field were 42.38% culture tourism and 32.32% nature tourism. As a result of tourists’ demands and expectations, the tourism activities to be carried out in accordance with the possibilities of the area were examined and ecology based planning proposals and holistic planning approaches were developed.     

太湖流域果园种植面源氮磷输出强度及其定量评估方法

以太湖流域上游地区无锡阳山地区果园种植典型区域为研究对象,通过现场试验,调查了果园种植面源氮磷输出动态变化过程,计算并分析了氮磷输出强度,构建了果园种植面源氮磷输出强度定量评估模型。结果表明:取样监测期间,果园种植径流及淋溶氮磷指标变化幅度均超过200%;果园种植面源氮磷径流输出强度与其淋溶输出的变化一致,径流总氮的输出强度最高(13.201 kg/hm~2),淋溶硝酸盐输出强度最大(4.077 kg/hm~2);所建立的评估方程能较好地反映降雨量等环境因素对果园种植面源氮磷径流及淋溶输出强度的影响情况,模拟方程的复相关系数均在0.9左右。     

Landscape disturbance caused by non-renewable energy production in a semi-arid region: a case study on the Russian steppe

Exploration and development of oil and gas (O&G) energy resources can create large-scale and permanent landscape effects that are best measured and understood via fieldwork and geospatial technologies. In this article, we examine O&G surface disturbance in the Orenburg steppe region of southwestern Russia for the year 2015. Utilizing field surveys, remote-sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we apply a two-pronged approach. First, we map and measure the landscape infrastructure footprint (LIF) to determine the pattern and extent of direct surface disturbance created by O&G facilities and access roads. Second, we conduct a site suitability analysis to identify specific O&G production locations that are most vulnerable to environmental degradation. The approach considers both the particular properties of hydrocarbon production and specific natural features of steppe zones. Suitability patterns represent three indicators: two morphometric parameters (slope and aspect) and one spatial (the remoteness of O&G objects from water bodies). Our findings suggest that O&G production disturbs just over 3% of soil-vegetation cover in our study plot, while more than 13% of O&G objects are located in unsuitable zones based on topographic aspect, and about 11% lie in unsuitable zones regarding distance to water.     

SWOT analysis for socio-ecological landscape variation as a precursor to the management of the mountainous Kanshi watershed,Salt Range of Pakistan

Variations in geo-environmental attributes differ strongly from those of urban anthropogenic structures. Similarly, these types of structures are self-directed and arranged and prone to abrupt process-related changes and modifications. Thus, there are many reasons why planned urbanization forms in association with disturbances in ecosystem mobility. The current research highlights these variations in the context of social–cultural assessments within the Jhelum River watershed, which strongly expresses urbanization structure development mechanisms. The climate ranges from semi-arid to subhumid subtropical and sub-mountainous climate, though the extreme temperatures may rise as high as 49.4°C in June and may drop as low as ?1.6°C in January. The rainfall is low in the southwest and gradually increases towards the northeast, whereas the Salt Range is the major topographic feature that controls climatic impacts and promotes sustainable development. Cross-disciplinary methods are adopted in this investigation to assess the social–ecological landscape system (SELS) in terms of its mobility and degree of urbanization. The Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda recognize that human livelihoods and the management of natural resources cannot be addressed separately. Investing in the sustainability of mountain communities and ecosystem conservation and protection will provide benefits for humanity as a whole. It pertains to the commensurate development of the SELS and its response to interruptions. Thus, a reliable SWOT analysis for management approaches is introduced that may enable the development of competencies that promote and lead towards rapid improvements in the sustainability of retrograde urban infrastructure, including watersheds.     

城市新城区公园沟塘沉积物磷释放风险及影响因素分析

以合肥蜀峰湾体育公园5个水塘和3条沟渠为对象,采集表层沉积物及上覆水样,测算不同季节表层沉积物磷平衡浓度（EPC₀）,并解析其对外源碳或氮添加的响应,据此评估沉积物磷释放风险水平,识别主要环境影响因素.结果表明,该城市公园沟塘沉积物磷素污染处于轻-中度污染水平,总磷（TP）含量为209.28~713.51 mg·kg^-1,生物有效磷含量占TP的质量分数为18.51%~36.21%;环境背景情形下水塘沉积物EPC₀变化范围为0.012~0.142 mg·L^-1（均值0.057 mg·L^-1）,沟渠EPC₀变化范围为0.036~0.156 mg·L^-1（均值0.078 mg·L^-1）;外源碳的添加导致水塘1、3和沟渠1的EPC₀值升高（其中水塘3上升约47.5%）,提高了沉积物磷释放风险,其余沟塘沉积物EPC₀值则出现下降（特别是水塘5下降约58.6%）,意味着磷释放风险水平下降;而在外源氮添加情形下,所有沟塘沉积物EPC₀值都出现了不同程度的下降（沟渠1、2的夏季情形除外）,特别是水塘2表现尤为显著（下降约51.6%）,表明沟塘沉积物磷吸收存在氮限制性;根据偏最小二乘回归分析（PLSR）结果,氮、磷对水塘和沟渠沉积物的EPC₀值影响存在差异.     

景观类型与景观格局演变对洪泽湖水质的影响

基于Landsat序列遥感影像数据解译进行了景观类型分类,分析了2008—2018年洪泽湖16个监测点位水质数据变化特征,从流域尺度研究了景观类型和景观格局演变对湖区水质的影响机制.研究结果表明,洪泽湖区主要水质风险指标为总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）,淮安南区域TN和TP浓度较高.2000年之前洪泽湖流域内景观类型主要为旱地（43.3%）,2000年后主要景观类型逐渐转变为水田（37.7%）和建设用地（23.6%）.建设用地、水田、入湖河流、围圩和围网养殖面积与湖区TN和TP浓度呈显著正相关,林地和草地面积与TN和TP浓度呈显著负相关.围圩养殖面积对TN浓度变异解释度最高,建设用地面积对TP浓度变异解释度最高,分别为47.6%和43.2%.近20年洪泽湖流域景观破碎度增大,斑块密度指数（PD）和蔓延度指数（CONTAG）与湖区TN、TP浓度呈显著正相关.建设用地、围网和围圩养殖面积增加以及景观破碎化增强与湖区TN和TP浓度上升密切相关.减少围圩和围网养殖的面积比例,控制建设用地和水田规模,降低生态空间景观破碎度,是维护和修复洪泽湖水质安全和水生态健康的重要抓手.     

基于景观结构的土地利用生态风险空间特征分析 ——以江西兴国县为例

本文以我国典型的红壤丘陵区——江西兴国县为研究对象,基于景观结构中的景观干扰度指数和景观脆弱度指数构建土地利用生态风险指数,并借助空间统计学中的空间自相关和半方差分析方法,进行土地利用生态风险的空间分布和梯度变化特征分析.结果表明,研究区内的土地利用生态风险度存在着一定的空间正相关性,并随着粒度增大,呈现出下降的趋势.1994-2005年的11年中,研究区生态环境质量整体有所上升,土地利用生态风险指数较高的地区有所较少.研究区的中部区域生态风险度高,相邻区域的生态风险度也较高.1994年和2005年,研究区生态风险指数空间分异的步长都比较小,分别为43km和9.3km.     

Decoupling fragmentation from habitat loss for spiders in patchy agricultural landscapes

Habitat loss reduces species diversity, but the effect of habitat fragmentation on number of species is less clear because fragmentation generally accompanies loss of habitat. We compared four methods that aim to decouple the effects of fragmentation from the effects of habitat loss. Two methods are based on species-area relations, one on Fisher's alpha index of diversity, and one on plots of cumulative number of species detected against cumulative area sampled. We used these methods to analyze the species diversity of spiders in 2, 3.2 × 4 km agricultural landscapes in Southern Judea Lowlands, Israel. Spider diversity increased as fragmentation increased with all four methods, probably not because of the additive within-patch processes, such as edge effect and heterogeneity. The positive relation between fragmentation and species diversity might reflect that most species can disperse through the fields during the wheat-growing season. We suggest that if a given area was designated for the conservation of spiders in Southern Judea Lowlands, Israel, a set of several small patches may maximize species diversity over time.     

北京市景观水体嗅味污染特征

以北京市9处典型景观湖泊水体为研究对象,对其嗅味污染特征进行深入分析,并结合相关水质指标对水体嗅味污染特征进行初步解析. 研究发现,北京市景观水体中主要的嗅味污染物为土臭素(geosmin),2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)以及β-紫罗兰酮(β-ionone),其质量浓度平均值分别达613.84,1 319.57和143.00 ng/L. 通过对水质参数进行深入分析发现,北京市主要景观水体富营养化问题严重,TP是北京市景观水体的限制性水质因素,且有机物污染程度较高〔ρ(DOC)≥5.17 mg/L〕. 在研究的景观水体中,玉渊潭、福海和北海嗅味污染较为突出,前海和西海嗅味污染较轻. 北京市主要景观水体中嗅味污染与水中ρ(TP),ρ(DOP)和ρ(DOC)表现出显著相关,说明水体中存在的大量DOP和有机污染物是水体富营养化和嗅味污染的主要原因.